Mga Suporta para sa mga Estudyante na may Kapansanan
Mga Suporta para sa mga Estudyante na may Kapansanan stephaniePMga Suporta para sa Mag-aaral na may Kapansanan
Pumapasok sa paaralan ang mga mag-aaral na may kapansanan sa bawat komunidad. Sa buong buhay natin, humigit-kumulang 20% sa atin, o 1 sa bawat 5, ang magkakaroon ng anumang uri ng kapansanan.
Ang lahat ng mag-aaral na may kapansanan ay may karapatang magkaroon ng patas na access sa edukasyon at hindi makaranas ng diskriminasyon. Depende sa katangian ng kapansanan ng isang mag-aaral at kung paano ito nakakaapekto sa kanya sa paaralan, maaaring kailanganin ng paaralan na magbigay ng mga akomodasyon, pagbabago, espesyal na paraan ng pagtuturo, o iba pang suporta upang magkaroon ng patas na access at makalahok sa paaralan ang estudyante.
- Ang mga mag-aaral na may kapansanan at nangangailangan ng anumang uri ng espesyal na paraan ng pagtuturo ay maaaring makatanggap ng “Special Education (Espesyal na Edukasyon)” sa pamamagitan ng Individualized Education Program (IEP, Programa sa Edukasyon na Akma sa Indibiduwal).
- Ang mga mag-aaral na may kapansanan at nangangailangan ng akomodasyon ay maaaring may “Section 504 Plan (Plano sa Seksiyon 504).”
Kung sa tingin mo ay posibleng may kapansanan ang isang mag-aaral at kailangan niya ng akomodasyon o specialized na pagtuturo, maaari mong hilingin na gumawa ng ebalwasyon ang distrito ng paaralan.
Alamin pa ang tungkol sa mga IEP, Section 504 plan, ebalwasyon, at proteksiyon para sa mga mag-aaral na may kapansanan dito:
- Ano ang Special Education?
- Paano Nagsisimula ang isang Mag-aaral sa Special Education?
- Ano ang Individualized Education Program o “IEP?” (IEP)
Find additional resources here:
Supports at School
- Toolkit: Getting Started with Disability Supports at School English / Compartiendo una nueva diagnosis de su hijo/a con la escuela en español
- Toolkit: Prior Written Notice (PWN) English Notificación Previa por Escrito español
- Protecting the Educational Rights of Students with Disabilities English / Protección de los Derechos Educativos de los Estudiantes con Discapacidad en Escuelas Públicas en español
- Special Education Resources [Information and Support for Navigating Special Education Services and Resolving Concerns]
Disability Identity
- One Out of Five: Disability History and Pride Project Student Voice Videos and Teaching Resource
- Nothing About Us Without Us PowerPoint / Nothing About Us Without Us Webinar
Accessibility
- Accessibility Together 06.19.2019 PowerPoint Webinar Transcript
- Event Accessibility Checklist English
Introduction to Special Education
Introduction to Special Education stephaniePIntroduction
Updated June 2024
Is your student having a difficult time in school? If your student has a disability, or you suspect they have special learning needs, there is help available. All children and youth between the ages of 3 and 22 who have an impairment interfering with their ability to learn can be eligible for and services to help them achieve a meaningful education.
3 Quick Tips
- A problem that interferes with a student's ability to learn may be considered a disability under the law.
- Every student with a disability affecting their learning has a right to instruction that is specially designed to meet their needs, in a school environment as close to a general education classroom as possible.
- Students cannot be punished for behavior as a result of their disabilities.
When it comes to discipline, students with disabilities who are eligible for special education services are also entitled to unique protections that are more extensive than the protections applied to general education students. While students with disabilities do have all of the same rights as other students (see the Office of the Education Ombuds' webpage on Discipline, Suspensions, and Expulsions for more information) they also have additional, extensive rights protecting them in discipline situations. The law recognizes many students have disabilities that cause or at least are related to problem behavior. The law seeks to ensure that students with disabilities are not excluded from school, and their disabilities and any resulting behavior are handled in appropriate manners. To provide these protections, there are very specific limitations on how a student with a disability can be disciplined.
Why do schools have to provide services for students with disabilities?
There are federal and state laws protecting the educational rights of students with disabilities.
There are two primary laws that protect students with disabilities. The two laws are commonly referred to as “Section 504” and the “IDEA.” In 1973, the U.S. Congress passed Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, which made it illegal to discriminate against people with disabilities in programs receiving federal funds, such as public schools. Two years later, Congress passed the Education for all Handicapped Children Act. The federal law is reenacted every three years. It was most recently changed in 2004 and is now called IDEA or IDEIA (the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act). On this webpage, we refer to the law as IDEA.
In addition, in 1991, Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act, commonly referred to as the ADA. Title II of the ADA defines disability in the same manner as Section 504. When the ADA and Section 504 both apply, Section 504 is usually used because it has regulations that are more specific for schools.
Section 504 and IDEA were enacted to ensure that students with disabilities would be provided with meaningful educational experiences.
Ano ang Special Education?
Ano ang Special Education? stephaniePAno ang Special Education?
Ano ang Kapansanan?
“Ang kapansanan ay natural na bahagi ng karanasan ng tao at hindi nito binabawasan, sa anumang paraan, ang karapatan ng mga indibiduwal na makilahok o mag-ambag sa lipunan.”
--Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (Batas sa Edukasyon ng Mga Indibiduwal na may Kapansanan), 20 U.S.C. §1400(c).
Maraming iba-ibang paraan kung paano binibigyang-kahulugan ng mga tao, at ng ating mga batas, ang salitang “kapansanan.”
Marami ring pananaw tungkol sa kapansanan batay sa iba-ibang kultura, at nagbago na ang pag-unawa natin sa kapansanan sa pagdaan ng panahon. Tingnan ang materyal na One Out of Five: Disability History and Pride Project (Isa sa Lima: Proyekto sa Kasaysayan at Pride para sa Kapansanan)
upang alamin pa ang tungkol sa kasaysayan ng kapansanan at sa pagbuo ng positibong pagkakakilanlan kaugnay ng kapansanan.
Para sa mga mag-aaral sa mga pampublikong paaralan, dalawang pederal na batas – ang Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, o “IDEA” at ang Section 504 ng Rehabilitation Act (Batas sa Rehabilitasyon), o “Section 504” – ang nagbibigay ng mga karapatan at proteksiyon sa mga mag-aaral na may kapansanan. Ang bawat isa sa mga batas na iyon ay may natatanging kahulugan para sa isang batang may kapansanan.
Kahulugan ng Kapansanan ayon sa IDEA
Nagbibigay ang IDEA sa mga kuwalipikadong mag-aaral ng karapatang magkaroon ng Individualized Education Program (IEP, Programa ng Edukasyon na Akma sa Indibiduwal). Inilalarawan nito ang isang “batang may kapansanan,” bilang batang sumailalim sa ebalwasyon, at napag-alamang:
- May kapansanan ayon sa isa sa 14 na partikular na kategorya, at
- Dahil sa kapansanan at sa isang masamang epekto sa pag-aaral,
- kailangan ng special education at mga kaugnay na serbisyo.
Sa estado ng Washington, ang mga kategorya ng kapansanan at ang partikular na kahulugan ng bawat isa, ay nakalista sa mga regulasyon ng ating estado, sa Washington Administrative Code (Kodigong Administratibo ng Washington), sa WAC 392-172A-01035
Kasama sa mga ito ang:
- Autism
- Pagkabingi at pagkabulag
- Pagkabingi
- Atrasadong paglinang
- Kapansanan kaugay ng emosyon/pag-uugali
- Nahihirapang makarinig
- Kapansanang intelektuwal
- Maraming kapansanan
- Pinsala sa buto, kasukasuan, o kalamnan
- Iba pang kahinaan sa kalusugan
- Partikular na kapansanan sa pagkatuto
- Problema sa pananalita o wika
- Traumatic brain injury (traumatic na pinsala sa utak)
- Kahinaan ng paningin kasama na ang pagkabulag
Ang bawat isa sa mga kategoryang ito ay may partikular na kahulugan sa mga panuntunan para sa special education. Kung iniisip mo kung posibleng may kapansanan ang isang bata na nasa isa sa mga kategoryang ito, makakabuti kung babasahin mo ang mga partikular na kahulugan o magpapatulong ka sa isang tao para pag-aralan ang mga ito. Makikita ang mga kahulugan online sa WAC 392-172A-01035, sa https://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=392-172A&full=true#392-172A-01035.
Kung may isa sa mga kapansanang tinutukoy sa IDEA ang isang bata ngunit kailangan lang niya ng “kaugnay na serbisyo” o “mga akomodasyon” at hindi “special education,” hindi makukuwalipika ang mag-aaral para sa isang IEP pero maaaring kailangan niya ng Section 504 plan.
Kahulugan ng Kapansanan ayon sa Section 504
Pinagbabawalan ng Section 504 ang mga distrito ng paaralan na mandiskrimina ng mga taong may kapansanan. Inaatasan nito ang mga distrito na magbigay ng special education, mga akomodasyon, serbisyo o suportang kailangan ng isang mag-aaral upang patas na maka-access ng edukasyon. Inilalarawan nito ang isang mag-aaral na may kapansanan bilang mag-aaral na may:
- Kahinaan sa katawan o isip na
- Lubos na naglilimita sa
- Isa o higit pang pangunahing aktibidad sa buhay.
Makakakita ka ng iba pang impormasyon tungkol sa Section 504 sa isang lupon ng Mga Madalas Itanong sa website ng U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR, Tanggapan para sa Mga Karapatang Sibil ng Kagawaran ng Edukasyon ng Estados Unidos), dito: https://www.ed.gov/laws-and-policy/civil-rights-laws/disability-discrimination/frequently-asked-questions-disability-discrimination.
Mayroon ding impormasyon ang OCR na makikita online, na tumutugon sa “Ang Mga Karapatang Sibil ng Mga Mag-aaral na may Mga Nakatagong Kapansanan sa Ilalim ng Section 504 ng Rehabilitation Act (Batas sa Rehabilitasyon) ng 1973.” https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/hq5269.html. Ipinapakita nito ang iba't ibang kondisyong maaaring hindi agad mahalata ng iba ngunit maaari pa ring makaapekto sa isang mag-aaral sa paaralan.
Paano nagkakaugnay ang IDEA at Section 504?

Sa ilalim ng dalawang batas, inaatasan ang mga distrito ng paaralan na magbigay sa mga mag-aaral na may kapansanan ng Free Appropriate Public Education (Libre at Angkop na Pampublikong Edukasyon), na tinatawag na FAPE. Ibig sabihin, dapat magbigay ang mga distrito ng hanay ng mga serbisyong tutugon sa mga indibiduwal na pangangailangan ng mga mag-aaral na nahihirapang magtagumpay sa paaralan dahil sa kapansanan.
Nagbibigay ang Section 504 ng mga serbisyo sa mas malawak na grupo ng mga mag-aaral kaysa sa IDEA dahil mas malawak ang kahulugan nito ng “kapansanan.” Kaya, kung natutugunan ng isang mag-aaral ang mga kailangan sa pagkuwalipika para sa IDEA at kuwalipikado siya para sa IEP, protektado rin ang mag-aaral sa ilalim ng Section 504. Ngunit, maraming mag-aaral ang protektado sa ilalim ng Section 504, at may Section 504 plan, ngunit hindi kailangan ng special education at hindi kuwalipikado para sa IEP sa ilalim ng IDEA.
Ang isang paraan para pag-isipan ang ugnayan ng dalawang batas ay isipin ang lahat ng mag-aaral: una, ang ilan sa mga mag-aaral na iyon ay may kapansanan (Section 504); habang mas kaunti naman sa mga mag-aaral na iyon ang may kapansanan at nangangailangan ng special education (IDEA).
Ang nasa itaas ay larawang may malaking bilog na kumakatawan sa lahat ng mag-aaral. Ang bilog na may medium na sukat na nasa loob ng malaking bilog ay kumakatawan sa mga mag-aaral na may kapansanan at kuwalipikado para sa mga serbisyo ng Section 504. Sa grupong iyon, kuwalipikado rin ang isang mas maliit na grupo para sa mga serbisyo sa ilalim ng IDEA. Ang pangunahing bagay na dapat tandaan tungkol sa graph na ito ay, bahagi rin ng malaking bilog ang mga mag-aaral sa mas maliliit na bilog: lahat ng mag-aaral. May mga karapatan sila na kapareho lang ng sa lahat ng mag-aaral, dagdag pa ang mga proteksiyon laban sa diskriminasyon dahil sa pagkakaroon ng kapansanan, kasama na ang access sa mga serbisyong kailangan nila upang makalahok sa paaralan.
Ang mga mag-aaral na protektado sa ilalim ng Section 504 at kuwalipikado para sa IEP ay karaniwang may isang IEP lang. Ang lahat ng nasa 504 plan ay dapat isama sa IEP, na kadalasang sa page ng mga akomodasyon o sa isang listahan ng mga kaugnay o karagdagang serbisyo o suporta.
Ang bawat batang kuwalipikado para sa IEP ay protektado rin sa ilalim ng Section 504. Bakit iyon mahagala?
Ipinagbabawal ng Section 504 ang diskriminasyon sa mga mag-aaral batay sa kapansanan. Maaaring mangyari ang diskriminasyon kapag hindi isinali sa isang programa ang mga kuwalipikado namang mag-aaral dahil lang sa may kapansanan sila, o kapag ginipit ang isang mag-aaral dahil sa kanyang kapansanan at hindi gumawa ang distrito ng mga makatuwirang hakbang upang tugunan ang panggigipit.
Kung naniniwala kang nadiskrimina ng distrito ang isang tao dahil sa kapansanan, maghanap ng iba pang impormasyon tungkol sa mga opsiyon para sa pormal na pagrereklamo sa aming page na Diskriminasyon.
The Role of Parents under IDEA and Strategies for Non-Parents
The Role of Parents under IDEA and Strategies for Non-Parents stephaniePThe Role of Parents under IDEA and Strategies for Non-Parents
Many rights under IDEA and Washington State special education law can be asserted only by the parents of students with disabilities. A wide variety of caregivers fit into the definition of parent under IDEA and the state special education law. Because this publication focuses on IDEA and state special education law rights, this webpage talks about the definition of parent and how advocates, like relatives, family friends, and community members, who do not meet the definition can gain legal authority to act in the place of or for a parent.
Who is a “parent” or “guardian” under IDEA?
IDEA defines “parent” to include the following people:
- The birth or adoptive parent of a child
- The foster parent of a child
- A guardian generally authorized to act as the child’s parent or authorized to make educational decisions for the child, such as an individual given authority to make educational decisions by a judge (this does not include the caseworker if the child is a ward of the state).
- A person acting in the place of a parent, such as a grandparent or relative with whom a student with a disability lives, or someone who is legally responsible for the student’s welfare
- A surrogate parent appointed by the district (see information below about surrogate parents).
If there is more than one person in a child’s life who meets IDEA’s definition of parent, the child’s birth or adoptive parent has educational decision-making authority unless the birth or adoptive parent’s rights are limited by a court order or compromised in some way.
What can I do if I want to assert a student’s special education rights but I do not fit the definition of parent under IDEA?
There are many things you can do to help a student even if you aren’t the parent. You can use your advocacy skills to encourage the school district to create and maintain good special education services for a student. However, there may be times in your advocacy when a conflict might arise that can’t be resolved directly with the school district. Since many IDEA rights can be asserted only by a parent or guardian as defined by the IDEA laws, you might find yourself at an impasse because you do not have legal authority to make educational decisions on behalf of the student.
Below are some ways that you can obtain the authority to enforce a student’s special education rights when a parent or guardian is not available.
- Obtain a Power of Attorney from the student’s parents.
A Power of Attorney is a legal document allowing a person to give authority for someone else to act on their behalf. A student’s parent or legal guardian could use a Power of Attorney to give someone else (such as a caregiver, relative, or foster parent) the authority to act as though they are the parent. A Power of Attorney form can be downloaded through the internet. For more complicated Power of Attorney situations, it is best to consult a lawyer.
- Get appointed as a surrogate parent.
In certain situations, such as when the parents are not known, the district can’t locate the parents after reasonable efforts, or the student is a ward of the state or an unaccompanied homeless youth, school districts must appoint someone to make educational decisions for a student with a disability. This person is called a “surrogate parent.” Talk to the school district staff to find out the district’s process for appointing a surrogate parent.
- Request educational decision-making authority through the dependency, CHINS, or other family court process.
If a judge has authority to make decisions about a child’s care, they can order that someone other than the parent should have the power to make educational decisions. If there is a lawyer for the child, talk to him or her about asking the judge to appoint you to make educational decisions.
Paano Nagsisimula ang isang Mag-aaral sa Special Education?
Paano Nagsisimula ang isang Mag-aaral sa Special Education? stephaniePPaano Nagsisimula ang isang Mag-aaral sa Special Education?
Paano nahahanap ng distrito ang mga mag-aaral na nangangailangan ng mga serbisyo ng special education?
Sa ilalim ng Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, Batas sa Edukasyon ng Mga Indibiduwal na may Kapansanan) at batas sa special education ng estado, tungkulin ng mga distrito na tukuyin ang lahat ng mag-aaral na nakatira sa distrito na maaaring nangangailangan ng mga serbisyo ng special education. Ang tungkuling ito ay tinatawag na “Child Find (Paghahanap ng Bata).” Inaatasan ang mga distrito na magkaroon ng mga patakaran at pamamaraan para tiyaking matutukoy, matatagpuan, at masusuri ang mga mag-aaral na may kapansanan.
Paano masusuri ang anak ko para sa special education?
Kailangang i-refer ang iyong anak sa distrito ng paaralan para sa ebalwasyon sa special education. Upang makagawa ng ebalwasyon sa special education, kailangang magpasya ang distrito kung susuriin ang isang mag-aaral, at pagkatapos ay kukuha ito ng permiso o pahintulot mula sa magulang ng mag-aaral para isagawa ang ebalwasyon. Kailangang suriin ng mga distrito ng paaralan ang isang mag-aaral sa bawat larangang may kinalaman sa kanyang hinihinalang kapansanan. Kailangang gawin ang ebalwasyon nang walang babayaran ang mag-aaral o pamilya. May tatlong pangunahing hakbang upang makagawa ng ebalwasyon:
Hakbang 1 Hihilingin ng isang tao na suriin ang mag-aaral.
Hakbang 2 Magpapasya ang distrito kung kailangan ng ebalwasyon.
Hakbang 3 Ibibigay sa distrito ang pahintulot para magsuri.
Puwede ba akong humiling ng ebalwasyon sa special education para sa anak ko?
Sa ilalim ng batas ng Washington, maaaring mag-refer ng mag-aaral para sa ebalwasyon ang mga sumusunod na tao o entidad:
- Kahit sinong angkop sa kahulugan ng magulang
- Distrito ng paaralan
- Iba pang pampublikong ahensiya
- Iba pang taong may sapat na kaalaman tungkol sa bata.
Paano ako gagawa ng referral para sa ebalwasyon?
1. Gumawa ng sulat para dito. Kailangang nakasulat ang referral, maliban na lang kung hindi nakakapagsulat ang taong gagawa ng referral. Maaaring nakasulat-kamay lang ito at simple. Siguruhing lalagyan ito ng petsa at magtatabi ng kopya para sa iyong rekord.
2. Huwag mag-alala kung hindi perpekto ang sulat para sa referral. Ang mas mahalaga ay magawa mo ito sa lalong madaling panahon. Walang mangyayari hangga't wala pang nagagawang referral, at ang petsa kung kailan matatanggap ng distrito ang referral ay ang magtatakda sa timeline kung kailan dapat kumilos ang distrito.
3. Hilinging suriin ng paaralan ang pagkuwalipika para sa IDEA at sa Section 504. Kung hindi man kuwalipikado ang mag-aaral para sa special education sa ilalim ng IDEA, maaaring kuwalipikado pa rin siyang makatanggap ng mga serbisyo sa ilalim ng Section 504.
4. Maging partikular tungkol sa kung anong mga uri ng problema ang sa tingin mo ay nararanasan ng iyong anak. Inaatasan ang mga distrito na i-test ang lahat ng larangang may kinalaman sa hinihinalang kapansanan ng mag-aaral, kaya siguruhing ilalarawan mo ang lahat ng problema. Halimbawa, kung sa tingin mo ay nahihirapang magbasa at may mga problema sa larangang emosyonal ang iyong anak na kailangang matugunan, ipasuri ang parehong larangan.
5. Gumamit ng mga halimbawa. Isama ang iyong mga sariling obserbasyong maglalarawan kung bakit sa tingin mo ay posibleng may kapansanan ang iyong anak. Kung mayroon kang mga dokumentong nagpapahayag na posibleng may kahinaan ang iyong anak, gaya ng sulat mula sa doktor o provider para sa kalusugan ng pag-iisip, ibigay ang mga ito.
6. Ipadala ang referral sa isang tao sa paaralan o distrito na sa tingin mo ay may awtoridad at mabilis na kikilos. Bagamat walang tinutukoy ang batas na partikular na tao o tanggapan kung kanino o saan dapat ipadala ang referral, makakabuti kung ipapadala mo ito sa isang taong sa tingin mo ay kikilos para dito. Halimbawa, maaari mong ipadala ang iyong sulat para sa referral sa punong-guro ng paaralan o sa direktor ng special education ng distrito.
Ano ang mangyayari pagkatanggap ng distrito sa referral para sa ebalwasyon sa special education?
Magkakaroon ang distrito ng 25 araw na may pasok sa paaralan, upang magpasya kung susuriin ang mag-aaral. (Walang timeline para sa ebalwasyon sa Section 504. Kung ang distrito ay walang patakaran sa ebalwasyon sa 504, gamitin ang timeline para sa IDEA bilang gabay.) Para sa pagpapasya ng distrito kung magsusuri o hindi, dapat nitong pag-aralan ang anumang kasalukuyang rekord na pang-edukasyon at medikal na nakadokumento sa paaralan o ibinigay ng magulang o tagapag-alaga. Kapag nakapagpasya na ang distrito kung magsusuri o hindi, kailangang magpadala ang distrito sa magulang o tagapag-alaga ng nakasulat na notipikasyon tungkol sa pasya. Kung magpasya man ang distrito na hindi magsuri, puwede mong tutulan ang pasya. Tingnan ang Seksiyon VII ng lathalaing ito para sa paglalarawan sa iba't ibang paraan para sa paglutas ng mga hindi pagkakaunawaan sa distrito.
Anong pahintulot ang kailangan ng distrito para gawin ang ebalwasyon?
Bago masuri ng distrito ang bata sa unang pagkakataon, kailangan muna nitong humingi ng permiso mula sa magulang. Kung tatanggi ang magulang, maaaring humiling ang distrito ng pagdinig para mabalewala ang pagtanggi ng magulang.
Ano ang mangyayari kapag nakakuha na ng pahintulot ang distrito para gawin ang ebalwasyon?
Magkakaroon ang distrito ng paaralan ng 35 araw na may pasok sa paaralan, upang masuri ang mag-aaral. Ayon sa batas ng Washington, kapag may permiso na ang distrito para suriin ang pagkuwalipika para sa special education, magkakaroon ito ng 35 araw na may pasok sa paaralan upang:
- Ganap na masuri ang mag-aaral
- Magpasya kung may kapansanan ang mag-aaral
- Alamin kung kailangan niya ng mga serbisyo ng special education.
Maaari ding magkasundo ang Distrito at ang magulang sa iba pang timeframe, hangga't maisasadokumento ng Distrito ang pagsang-ayon ng magulang. Halimbawa, maaaring sumang-ayon ang magulang na palawigin ang timeline para hintayin ang mga resulta ng isang independiyenteng ebalwasyong pang-edukasyon. Ipagpapaliban ang timeline na may 35 araw na may pasok sa paaralan kung paulit-ulit na tatanggi ang magulang na dalhin ang anak sa ebalwasyon o kung lilipat ang bata sa ibang distrito sa panahon ng pagtatasa, hangga't nakakagawa ng sapat na progreso ang bagong distrito upang tiyaking matatapos sa oras ang ebalwasyon at may mapagkakasunduang timeline ang magulang at ang bagong distrito para sa pagtapos sa ebalwasyon.
Timeline para sa Ebalwasyon ng Estado ng Washington
Referral para sa ebalwasyon sa special education -> Magkakaroon ng 25 araw na may pasok sa paaralan, upang magpasya kung susuriin ang mag-aaral -> Nakasulat na pahintulot ng magulang para sa ebalwasyon -> Magkakaroon ng 35 araw na may pasok sa paaralan, upang tapusin ang ebalwasyon
Ano ang mangyayari kung lilipat ng lugar ang anak ko habang nasa proseso ng ebalwasyon?
Kung lilipat ang mag-aaral sa ibang distrito sa loob ng isang akademikong taon, kailangang magtulungan agad hangga't maaari ang dati at bagong paaralan ng mag-aaral upang tiyaking matatapos sa oras ang mga ebalwasyon sa special education. Ayon sa batas ng Estado ng Washington, kailangang simulang kunin ng bagong distrito ang mga rekord ng mag-aaral kapag in-enroll na ang mag-aaral, at kailangan namang ibigay ng dating distrito ng paaralan ng mag-aaral ang mahahalagang impormasyon sa loob ng 2 araw na may pasok sa paaralan at ang mga rekord sa paaralan sa lalong madaling panahon.
Ano ang saklaw ng ebalwasyon sa special education?
Dapat suriin ng distrito ang bata sa lahat ng larangan kung saan siya hinihinalang may kapansanan. May dalawang layunin ang ebalwasyon sa special education: 1) upang alamin kung kuwalipikado para sa mga serbisyo, at 2) upang tukuyin ang mga pangangailangan at kahusayan ng mag-aaral para makabuo ng programa sa edukasyon na akma sa indibiduwal. Napakahalagang masuri ng distrito ang LAHAT ng larangan ng hinihinalang kapansanan. Minsan, nagkakaproblema ang isang mag-aaral sa mahigit isang larangan. Maaaring ihinto ng distrito ang ebalwasyon kapag napag-alamang kuwalipikado ang mag-aaral para sa special education sa isang larangan. Kung para lang sa isang larangan ang ebalwasyon, maaaring kulang ang impormasyon tungkol sa lahat ng pangangailangan ng mag-aaral kapag dumating na ang panahon para bumuo ng programang akma sa indibiduwal. Upang makuha ang pinakaangkop na plano ng edukasyon para sa iyong anak, subaybayan nang mabuti ang mga pagsisikap sa ebalwasyon ng distrito upang siguruhing komprehensibo ang mga ito. Ipaalala sa distrito ang obligasyon nitong magsuri sa lahat ng larangan.
Anong mga larangan ang maaaring suriin at anong mga uri ng test ang gagamitin?
Maaaring suriin ng distrito ang isang bata sa mga sumusunod na larangan:
- Kalusugan (kalusugan ng katawan at isip)
- Paningin
- Pandinig
- Kalusugang panlipunan at emosyonal
- Pangkalahatang talino
- Pagganap sa akademiko
- Pakikipag-usap, pananalita, at wika
- Mga kakayahan sa paggalaw.
Dapat ay wasto at angkop ang mga test na gagamitin para sa ebalwasyon para sa larangang susuriin. Ibig sabihin, kailangang tumpak na masukat ng mga test ang mga bagay na layong sukatin ng mga ito. Halimbawa, ang Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV (Wechsler na Scale ng Talino para sa Mga Bata IV) (na tinatawag na WISC IV) ay isang test na karaniwang ginagamit at ginawa para sukatin ang pangkalahatang talino. Sa karaniwan, hindi dapat gamitin ang mga resulta ng WISC IV upang tasahin ang katayuang emosyonal ng isang bata dahil hindi ito ginawa para sa layuning iyon. Kailangang piliin at pangasiwaan ang mga materyal ng test at ebalwasyon sa paraang hindi nandidiskrimina batay sa lahi, kultura, o kasarian. Bukod pa rito, dapat ibigay ang mga test at materyal sa mag-aaral sa katutubong wika ng mag-aaral o sa iba pang paraan ng pakikipag-usap (gaya ng sign language), maliban na lang kung hindi ito posibleng gawin. Ano ang magagawa mo? Magtanong tungkol sa mga pagsusuri. Bagamat maaaring nakakapanibago ang mga termino sa pagtatasa, sa pamamagitan ng pagtatanong, mauunawaan mo:
- Ang layunin ng test, at
- Kung mukhang akma sa iyong anak ang uri ng test.
Hilingin sa isang miyembro ng pangkat para sa pagtatasa na ipaliwanag sa iyo ang mga test sa simpleng salita. Siguruhing tumpak na masusukat ng test ang kakayahang kailangan nitong sukatin. Halimbawa, ang ilang test ay may kailangang edad, kasanayan sa pagbabasa, at kakayahan sa wika upang maituring na wasto ang mga resulta. Kung masyado pang bata ang iyong anak para sa isang partikular na test, kung hindi siya makapagbasa sa antas na kailangan para sa test, o kung hindi ibinigay ang test sa pangunahing wika ng anak mo, posibleng hindi maging kapaki-pakinabang at wasto ang mga resulta ng test.
Sino ang gagawa ng test?
Ang mga propesyonal na kuwalipikadong gumawa ng test sa larangan ng hinihinalang kapansanan. Maaaring magsagawa ng maraming test ang sikolohista sa paaralan. Ngunit may ilang larangan ng kapansanan na kailangan ng sikolohistang may espesyal na pagsasanay, psychiatrist, physical therapist/speech therapist, doktor sa medisina, o iba pang eksperto. Kung hindi makakagawa ng kumpletong ebalwasyon ang kawani ng distrito, maaaring kailangang magpatulong ng distrito sa ekspertong tagalabas na kukumpleto sa proseso ng ebalwasyon. Dapat bayaran ng distrito ang mga ebalwasyong ito na manggagaling sa labas. Maaaring itanong ng distrito kung may pribadong insurance o iba pang pondo ang mag-aaral o pamilya, na gagamiting pantustos para sa gastos sa mga ebalwasyong galing sa labas. Kung ayaw ipagamit ng mag-aaral o pamilya ang mga benepisyo ng insurance o iba pang pinagmumulan ng pondo, dapat pa ring asikasuhin at bayaran ng distrito ang test na galing sa labas na kailangan upang makumpleto ang ebalwasyon.
Ano pa ang ibang paraan para makalikom ang distrito ng impormasyon tungkol sa pagkuwalipika at pangangailangan para sa special education ng anak ko?
Kailangang gumamit ng distrito ng iba't ibang kasangkapan at estratehiya sa pagtatasa upang makalikom ng mahahalagang impormasyon kaugnay ng pag-function, paglinang at akademiko tungkol sa mag-aaral. Maaaring kasama sa paglikom ng impormasyon ang pag-obserba sa mag-aaral at pakikipanayam sa pamilya, tagapag-alaga, at iba pang nakakakilala sa mag-aaral. Binibigyang-diin ng IDEA at ng No Child Left Behind Act (Batas na Walang Bata ang Maiiwan) ang paggamit ng mga pagtatasa sa klase para sa paglikom ng impormasyon. Ang mga pagtatasang ito sa klase ay kadalasang tinatawag na mga sukatang batay sa curriculum. Dapat mong itanong kung gumamit ng mga sukatang batay sa curriculum para sa iyong anak upang masuri ng lahat ng miyembro ng pangkat para sa ebalwasyon ang mga pagtatasang ito dahil minsan, kinukumpleto ang mga sukatang batay sa curriculum ng mga guro sa general education (pangkalahatang edukasyon) at hindi ibinabahagi sa kawani sa special education.
Paano kung hindi ako sang-ayon sa saklaw o resulta ng ebalwasyon?
Maaari kang humiling ng independiyenteng ebalwasyong pang-edukasyon na sasagutin ng distrito kung hindi ka sang-ayon sa ebalwasyon. Kung may alalahanin ka tungkol sa saklaw o resulta ng ebalwasyon, may mga bagay kang magagawa:
- Kausapin ang distrito at ipahayag ang iyong alalahanin. Hilingin sa distrito na gumawa ng karagdagan o higit pang ebalwasyon
- Humanap ng iba pang paraan para maisagawa ang ebalwasyon (May medikal na pagsaklaw ba ang iyong anak na magagamit pambayad sa ebalwasyon sa mga kinakailangang larangan? Kailangang isaalang-alang ng distrito na kumuha ng mga ebalwasyon mula sa labas.)
- Humiling ng independiyenteng ebalwasyong pang-edukasyon na sasagutin ng distrito, at kumuha ng listahan ng mga tagasuri mula sa distrito
- Pag-isipang gumamit ng mas pormal na opsiyon sa paglutas ng hindi pagkakaunawaan, gaya ng pagkakaroon ng tagapamagitan, pagrereklamo, o karampatang pagdinig. Tingnan ang Seksiyon VII ng lathalaing ito para sa iba pang impormasyon tungkol sa paglutas ng hindi pagkakaunawaan.
Ano ang mangyayari kung hihiling ako ng “independiyenteng ebalwasyong pang-edukasyon na sasagutin ng publiko?”
Kailangang pagbigyan ng distrito ang hiling o magpasimula ito ng pagdinig para maipakitang angkop ang ebalwasyon nito. Ang ibig sabihin ng independiyenteng ebalwasyong pang-edukasyon ay ebalwasyong isinasagawa ng isang kuwalipikadong taong hindi empleyado ng distritong nangangasiwa sa edukasyon ng mag-aaral. Kung hihilingin, kailangang magbigay ang distrito ng impormasyon sa mga magulang tungkol sa kung saan makakakuha ng independiyenteng ebalwasyong pang-edukasyon. Mapipili ng mga magulang kung sino ang magsasagawa sa ebalwasyon. Magkakaroon ang distrito ng 15 araw sa kalendaryo upang humiling ng karampatang pagdinig kung tututulan nito ang hiling para sa independiyenteng ebalwasyon. Kung hindi hihiling ang distrito ng pagdinig sa loob ng 15 araw sa kalendaryo, kailangan nitong bayaran ang independiyenteng ebalwasyon o siguruhing makakapagbigay ng ganito nang walang babayaran ang mag-aaral o pamilya. Kung mapagpasyahan ng opisyal sa pagdinig na angkop ang ebalwasyon ng distrito, may karapatan pa rin ang magulang na kumuha ng independiyenteng ebalwasyon, ngunit hindi ito kailangang bayaran ng distrito. Kailangan pa ring isaalang-alang ng distrito ang resulta ng independiyenteng ebalwasyon kahit na hindi ito ang magbabayad para dito.
Qualification for IDEA Services
Qualification for IDEA Services stephaniePQualification for IDEA Services
How does a district decide if my student is eligible for special education, and who takes part in the decision making?
The district must make an eligibility decision based on the evaluation.
Once the evaluation is completed, the district must produce an evaluation report stating the following:
- Whether the student has a disability
- How the disability affects the student’s progress in school
- What services are recommended to address the student’s individual needs.
Whether a student is eligible for special education is determined by a group composed of the student’s parent(s) and qualified professionals selected by the school district.
Parents have a right to notice of meetings and to participate in all meetings with respect to the identification, evaluation, and delivery of services to the student. Parents must also receive written notice of any decision made at such a meeting.
How will I know if the student is eligible for special education?
The district sends you notice.
The district must provide the student’s parent with a copy of the evaluation report and documentation of its decision about eligibility.
What can I do if my child is denied eligibility for special education?
You can challenge the district’s decision.
If you think your child has been wrongly denied eligibility for special education services, you can try to change the district’s decision by:
- Discussing the situation with school personnel
- Requesting a mediation conference
- Filing a complaint or
- Requesting an IDEA due process or 504 hearing.
Talking things through with school officials—including special education staff, the principal, your child’s teachers and counselor—is the best way to start dealing with any problem.
If discussing the issue doesn’t get you anywhere, consider using more formal dispute resolution. Anyone can file a citizen complaint on behalf of a student. A parent can also request a due process hearing or mediation.
Where you can have an impact
Ask for a person from the district’s Section 504 program be made part of the eligibility determination group. If the group decides the student is not eligible for special education under IDEA but may be eligible under Section 504, this person can help identify services provided under Section 504.
An Overview of Section 504
An Overview of Section 504 stephaniePAn Overview of Section 504
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act was the first law made to protect people with disabilities. Under Section 504, all programs receiving federal funding must not discriminate against individuals based on a disability. Public schools receive federal funding, and therefore must follow the requirements of Section 504 to ensure students with disabilities are not treated differently. School districts must also take steps that range from accommodating special needs to providing special instruction and related services. The intent of Section 504 is to remove barriers so people with disabilities can fully participate in “life activities” such as learning in school.
Section 504 defines disability as an impairment that substantially limits a major life activity. Learning is a “major life activity” for children. Impairments that affect a student’s education may qualify him or her for services under Section 504. The definition of disability under Section 504 is much broader than under the IDEA, so many students who are not eligible for IDEA may be eligible for extra support under Section 504.
School districts are required to create procedures and systems for implementing Section 504. In addition, each district must designate at least one person to coordinate the district’s efforts to comply with Section 504. Ask for a copy of the district’s procedures and for the name of the person designated as the Section 504 compliance officer.
How can my student become eligible for 504 services?
Districts are required to identify students who may have disabilities and evaluate whether they need extra support in order to receive a meaningful education. The evaluation must be done at no cost to the student. As under IDEA, districts must use valid assessment tools, administered by trained people. The evaluation tools must also be tailored to test specific needs and accurately reflect the student’s abilities. Unlike IDEA, there are no specific timelines for the district to finish an evaluation.
Is parental consent required for evaluation under Section 504?
Yes. The regulations under Section 504 do not provide explicit rules regarding ‘consent for evaluation.’ The Federal Office of Civil Rights (OCR) has issued guidance for this area that relies on the framework created by the related ‘consent’ provisions of the IDEA. This means school districts to implement Section 504 in accordance with OCR guidelines, they must obtain parental consent for an initial evaluation. Similarly, if a parent withholds consent, a school district may use due process hearing procedures to try and override a parents’ denial of consent for an initial evaluation. In addition, if a parent revokes consent under IDEA, the parent is also revoking consent under Section 504.
Can I revoke consent for some services and not other services under the IDEA or Section 504?
Section 504 does not have regulations that address revoking parental consent, so we look to language under the IDEA to provide guidance for both federal laws. The IDEA regulations state that if a parent revokes consent after the initial provision of services, the school district is no longer responsible for providing a free and appropriate public education to the student or to develop an IEP. This also means that the district is no longer responsible for services under Section 504.
However, it should be considered a different matter when a parent is not revoking consent, but rather refusing to consent to some services offered by a school district that they disagree with. Section 300.300 (b)(3) of the federal regulations state: “A public agency may not use a parent's refusal to consent to one service or activity under paragraphs (a), (b), (c) or (d)(2) of this section to deny the parent or child any other service, benefit, or activity of the public agency, except as required by this part.”
How often does the district have to reevaluate my student?
Section 504 requires periodic reevaluation of students with disabilities. The law does not state clearly how often, except that evaluating at least once every 3 years (like under IDEA) would satisfy this requirement.
Like IDEA, Section 504 also requires a reevaluation whenever the district proposes to make significant changes to a student’s program.
Does the district have to develop a plan for my student?
Section 504 requires a plan for meeting the student’s special needs, but it doesn’t require that the plan be written.
The Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction (OSPI) recommends that districts have written plans, even if it is not as detailed as an IEP.
Who develops the 504 plan?
There is no clear guidance in the law about who specifically should be involved in the development of the 504 plan. Section 504 does say that decisions about placement and services must be made by a group of people who knows the student, understands the evaluation data, and knows about support available within the district. You can ask to be on the 504 team and share your information about your student’s strengths and needs.
What kinds of things can be put into a 504 plan?
504 plans can range from seating a student near the teacher for extra help to providing specialized instruction and related services. For a student who has challenging behavior, a behavior plan, counseling, or an aide may be necessary for them to participate in school. For a student who is hearing impaired, a signing interpreter or written lectures might be included in the plan. Be creative! Your suggestions about how your student can participate in school should be open for consideration.
Does the district have to educate my student in a general education classroom?
Unless an IEP or 504 plan requires another arrangement, a student must be educated in the school that he or she would attend if not disabled and be with non-disabled classmates to the maximum extent possible.
What if the district refuses to develop a 504 plan, or there appears to be some other sort of discrimination against my student?
Section 504 requires that school districts develop dispute resolution procedures, including the right to an impartial hearing. Ask for a copy of the district’s 504 procedures to determine your next step. In addition, you can make a complaint to the Office of Civil Rights. See Section VII in this publication for more information about making a civil rights complaint. A civil rights complaint must be filed within 180 calendar days (6 months) from the date of the discrimination. If the complaint is not filed within the 180 days, include a request for a waiver and explain why the complaint is being filed now.
Where you can have an impact
Urge the district to move quickly to finish the evaluation. If the district doesn’t have a policy or set timelines for completing the evaluation, ask the district use the IDEA evaluation timelines as a guide.
Ask the district to put the Section 504 plan in writing. If the district refuses, write up what you think the district agreed to do, and send the school a letter. Ask the district to confirm that the district’s understanding of the plan is the same as yours.
Ano ang Individualized Education Program o “IEP?”
Ano ang Individualized Education Program o “IEP?” stephaniePAno ang Individualized Education Program o “IEP?”
Ang Individualized Education Program (IEP, Programa sa Edukasyon na Akma sa Indibidwal) ay detalyadong paglalarawan sa pagtuturo at mga serbisyong kailangan ng isang mag-aaral na may kapansanan upang makatanggap ng makabuluhang edukasyon. Ang Individualized Education Program, o IEP, ay isang dokumentong naglalarawan sa mga partikular na serbisyo ng special education na matatanggap ng isang bata. Ang IEP ay isang legal na dokumento, at karapat-dapat matanggap ng mga mag-aaral ang lahat ng serbisyong nakalagay sa IEP. Ang IEP ay akma dapat sa bata at sa kanyang mga pangangailangan sa edukasyon, at maaari itong kabilangan ng malilikhaing estratehiya para sa paghahatid ng mga serbisyo.
Kailangang isama sa IEP ang mga sumusunod:
- Pahayag tungkol sa mga kasalukuyang antas ng pagganap sa pag-aaral at sa pag-function ng mag-aaral—kung ano na ang lagay ng mag-aaral
- Mga taunang layunin sa pag-aaral
- Pahayag kung paano susukatin ang progreso ng bata at kung kailan ibibigay ang mga pana-panahong ulat tungkol sa progreso ng bata
- Paglalarawan ng lahat ng serbisyong matatanggap ng bata sa silid-aralan para sa general education at para sa special education
- Paglalarawan ng “mga kaugnay na serbisyo” na matatanggap ng mag-aaral gaya ng speech at language therapy, transportasyon, at pagpapayo
- Paglalarawan ng lahat ng ibibigay na pagbabago sa programa, gaya ng mga binagong materyal sa pagbabasa, tagapagbasa para sa mga pagsusulit at iba pang takdang-aralin, tape recorder para sa mga leksiyon, atbp.
- Pagpapasya kung kailangan ng mag-aaral ng mga device at serbisyo ng pantulong na teknolohiya Ang ibig sabihin ng pantulong na teknolohiya ay mga kagamitan o sistemang nagpapahusay o nagpapanatili sa mga kakayahan ng mag-aaral, at maaaring kasama rito ang mga pangkomersiyong item gaya ng computer o custom na keyboard
- Pagpapasya tungkol sa pagkuwalipika para sa inakmang Edukasyong Pangkatawan (PE), at kung paano ito ibibigay kung kuwalipikado
- Paglalarawan kung paano lalahok ang mag-aaral sa mga klase at aktibidad sa general education, at kung hindi, bakit
- Anumang akomodasyong ibibigay sa mag-aaral para sa pagkuha ng mga serbisyo sa pinalawig na taon ng paaralan, kung pagpapasyahan ng IEP Team na kailangan ang mga ito
- Mga mapagparusang interbensiyon, kung mayroon man, na kailangan para sa mag-aaral
- Lokasyon, haba ng panahon, at dalas ng mga ihahatid na serbisyo
- Mga petsa kung kailan magsisimula ang mga serbisyo
- Magsisimula nang mas maaga sa panahon kung kailan magkakabisa ang IEP kapag ang mag-aaral ay umabot na sa 16 na taong gulang, o mas bata kung ituturing itong angkop ng IEP Team: 1) mga angkop at nasusukat na postsecondary na layunin at 2) mga serbisyo ng pagtransisyon na kailangan upang matulungan ang mag-aaral na makamit ang mga layuning iyon.
Bukod pa rito, ang mga mag-aaral na kukuha ng mga kapalit na pagtatasa ay kailangang mayroon din sa kanilang IEP ng sumusunod:
- Paglalarawan sa mga pamantayan o mithiin sa loob ng maikling panahon
- Pahayag kung bakit hindi makakalahok ang mag-aaral sa regular na pagtatasa
- Pahayag kung bakit angkop ang partikular na kapalit na pagtatasa para sa mag-aaral.
Gaano kaaga pagkatapos ng inisyal na ebalwasyon makakakuha ng IEP ang anak ko kung kuwalipikado siya para sa special education?
Sa loob ng 30 araw sa kalendaryo pagkatapos ng pasyang kuwalipikado ang mag-aaral para sa special education, kailangang magsagawa ng pulong para sa IEP. Kapag napagpasyahan na ng distrito ng paaralan na kuwalipikado ang mag-aaral para sa mga serbisyo ng special education, magkakaroon ang distrito ng 30 araw sa kalendaryo (hindi araw na may pasok sa paaralan) upang magsagawa ng pulong para sa IEP at bumuo ng planong akma sa indibiduwal para sa mag-aaral.
Sino ang gagawa ng IEP?
Ang IEP Team ay binubuo ng mga taong makakatulong na gawin ang programa sa edukasyon ng mag-aaral. Responsibilidad ng isang team ng mga tao na isulat at aprubahan ang IEP. Ang mga sumusunod na tao ay bahagi ng IEP Team at sa karaniwan, dapat silang dumalo sa lahat ng pulong para sa IEP:
- Mga magulang o legal na tagapag-alaga
- Kahit isa sa mga guro sa general education ng mag-aaral (kung kalahok o maaaring kalahok ang mag-aaral sa general education)
- Kahit isa sa mga guro sa special education ng mag-aaral o kaya, isang provider ng special education, kung angkop
- Isang kinatawan ng distrito na kuwalipikado sa edukasyon ng mga batang may kapansanan at may sapat na kaalaman tungkol sa pangkalahatang curriculum at sa mga magagamit na resource (gaya ng direktor ng special education)
- Isang indibiduwal na makakaunawa sa datos ng ebalwasyon (maaaring isa sa mga taong binanggit sa itaas o ang sikolohista ng paaralan)
- Kung gusto ng magulang o distrito, iba pang taong may sapat na kaalaman o eksperto sa partikular na larangan hinggil sa bata
- Ang mag-aaral (kung angkop)
- Mga provider ng serbisyo ng transisyon (gaya ng mga bokasyonal na espesyalista o isang tao mula sa ahensiya sa labas gaya ng Developmental Disability Administration (DDA, Sangay ng Mga Kapansanan sa Paglinang)).
Maaaring makasali sa IEP Team ang iba pang tao. Partikular na pinapayagan ng batas ang iba pang taong “may sapat na kaalaman o eksperto sa partikular na larangan hinggil sa bata” na sumali sa IEP Team. Ibig sabihin, maaaring isama sa IEP Team ang mga kamag-anak, kaibigan ng pamilya, miyembro ng komunidad, therapist, at advocate. Ang distrito o magulang ang magpapasya kung sino ang may sapat na kaalaman o eksperto hinggil sa bata. Kung may mga taong sa tingin mo ay kasali dapat sa IEP Team ng iyong anak, tiyaking ipapaalam mo ito sa paaralan upang maimbitahan sila. Gayunpaman, sa ilalim ng IDEA at batas sa special education ng estado, maaaring hindi kailanganing dumalo ng mga miyembro ng IEP Team sa lahat ng pagkakataon. Ang isang miyembro ng IEP Team na nakalista sa itaas ay hindi kailangang dumalo sa pulong para sa IEP kung hindi patungkol ang paksa ng pulong sa larangan ng curriculum ng miyembro, at nagkasundo sa isang sulat ang magulang at distrito ng paaralan na hindi kailangan ang kanyang pagdalo. Halimbawa, maaaring hindi kailangang dumalo ng provider ng serbisyo sa pananalita at wika kung hindi patungkol sa mga serbisyo sa pananalita ang paksa ng pulong para sa IEP, at nagkasundo sa isang sulat ang magulang at distrito ng paaralan na hindi kailangang dumalo ng provider ng serbisyo sa pananalita at wika dahil ang layunin ng pulong ay para talakayin lang ang plano ng interbensiyon sa pag-uugali ng mag-aaral. Dagdag pa rito, ang mga miyembro ng IEP Team ay maaaring hindi isali sa pulong KAHIT NA patungkol ang pulong sa pagbabago o pagtalakay sa larangan ng miyembro kung pagkakasunduan ito sa isang sulat ng magulang at distrito ng paaralan. Gayunpaman, ang hindi isinaling miyembro ng IEP Team ay kailangang magsumite ng nakasulat na input para sa pagbuo ng IEP sa magulang at distrito ng paaralan bago ang pulong.
Paano ko malalaman kung kailan magpupulong ang IEP Team?
Kailangang abisuhan ng distrito ang mga magulang tungkol sa layunin ng pulong para sa IEP, sa oras at lokasyon, at kung sino ang dadalo. Kailangang magbigay ng ditrito ng maagang abiso upang masigurong mabibigyan ng pagkakataong dumalo ang mga magulang. Dapat i-schedule ang pulong sa oras at lugar na mapagkakasunduan. Kung magkakasundo ang magulang at distrito ng paaralan, maaari ding isagawa ang mga pulong sa pamamagitan ng telepono o video conference.
Ano ang maiaambag ko sa IEP?
Ang input mula sa mga magulang at iba pang nakakakilala sa mag-aaral at may pakialam sa kanyang pagtatagumpay ay susi sa paggawa ng mabisang programa sa special education. Makabuluhang bahagi ng IEP Team ang mga magulang, at posibleng may mahuhusay silang ideya sa kung sino pa ang ibang dapat isamang tao na makakatulong. Kailangang isaalang-alang ng IEP Team ang mga limitasyon kapag gumagawa ng plano. Dapat mong ipaalam sa paaralan kung sa tingin mo ay may iba pang taong makakapag-ambag sa prosesong ito. Ang isang mahalagang bahagi ng tungkulin mo bilang advocate ay ang pagsusuri sa programa at mga serbisyo sa edukasyon na iniaalok ng distrito ng paaralan. Halimbawa, makatuwiran ba ang mga layunin at mithiin batay sa pagkakaunawa mo sa mga kakayahan ng iyong anak? Makakagawa ba ng pagbabago para sa iyong anak ang mga uri ng serbisyong inirerekomenda ng distrito? Kung mayroon kang suhestiyon para mapabuti ang plano sa edukasyon, dapat mo itong ipahayag sa pulong ng IEP Team. Maaari ka ring magdagdag ng bagong perspektibo at pagkamalikhain sa proseso. Mag-isip ng mga paraan para maengganyo ang iyong anak na posibleng hindi pa naisip ng mga tagapagturo. Halimbawa, kung ang pagbibigay ng gantimpala gaya ng oras para sa espesyal na aktibidad o sport ay nagpapagana sa iyong anak na makatapos ng mga gawaing-bahay, maaaring maglagay rin sa paaralan ng katulad na gantimpala para sa pagtapos ng mga takdang-aralin. O kaya, marahil ay alam mong nahihirapan ang iyong anak kapag maraming sagabal, masyadong matao at maingay. Maaari mong imungkahi na magpalit ng klase ang iyong anak bago o pagkatapos ng iba pang mag-aaral.
Paano tinutugunan ng IEP ang mga problema sa pag-uugali?
Ang IEP ay may kasama dapat na pagtatasa sa pag-uugaling functional at plano ng interbensiyon sa pag-uugali kung may mga problema sa pag-uugali. Para sa isang mag-aaral na may pag-uugaling nakakasagabal sa pagkatuto niya o ng ibang mag-aaral, dapat magbigay ang IEP ng mga layunin at mithiin para mapabuti ang pag-uugali at ng mga estratehiya para matugunan ang problema. Mahalagang tandaan na maaaring may kinalaman ang kapansanan ng mag-aaral sa kanyang pag-uugali. Dapat paghandaan ng IEP ang posibilidad na magkaroon ng mga problema sa pag-uugali at dapat itong gumawa ng mabibisang paraan para matugunan ang mga problemang iyon bago pa mangyari ang mga ito.
Kailan susuriin o irerebisa ang IEP?
Kahit isang beses sa isang taon, ngunit mas madalas kung hihilingin ng isang miyembro ng IEP Team. Dapat suriin ang mga IEP nang kahit isang beses sa isang taon. Gayunpaman, kailangang sundin ng distrito ang isang IEP kahit na lampas na ito sa takdang petsa para sa pagsusuri. Sa katapusan ng taon, kailangang magpulong ng IEP Team upang suriin ang programa sa edukasyon at alamin kung nakakamit ang mga taunang layunin. Kailangang irebisa ang IEP kung walang naipakitang progreso sa akademiko o kung may bagong impormasyon tungkol sa mag-aaral. Dapat ding paghandaan sa IEP ang mga posibleng pagbabago sa pangangailangan ng mag-aaral habang siya ay nagkakaedad. Maaari ding suriin ang IEP anumang oras kung hihilingin ng isang miyembro ng team o kapag nagbago na ang mga sitwasyon. Gayunpaman, sa ilalim ng IDEA at batas sa special education ng estado, maaari na ngayong gumawa ng pagbabago sa IEP ng bata pagkatapos ng taunang pulong para sa pagsusuri nang hindi na kailangang magpulong pa para sa IEP kung pagkakasunduan ito ng magulang at distrito. Sa sitwasyong ito, maaaring gumamit ng nakasulat na dokumento upang iwasto o baguhin ang IEP ng bata. Kung hihilingin ng magulang, kailangang magbigay ang distrito ng paaralan sa magulang ng nirebisang kopya ng IEP kung saan nakalagay ang pagwawasto. Kung sa tingin mo ay nagbago ang IEP o ang mga serbisyo ng special education ng iyong anak, humingi sa Distrito ng kopya ng pinakabagong IEP kasama na ang anumang nakasulat na pagwawastong isinagawa ayon sa kasunduan. Sa ilalim ng IDEA, hinihikayat din ang mga distrito ng paaralan na bawasan ang mga pulong para sa IEP na isinasagawa para sa bawat mag-aaral kada taon sa pamamagitan ng paghihikayat na pagsabay-sabayin na lang ang mga pulong ng IEP Team.
Paano kung may mga binago sa IEP ng anak ko nang wala ng pahintulot ko?
Agad na kausapin ang paaralan tungkol sa iyong mga alalahanin. Bahagi ka ng IEP Team at kailangang kasama ka sa lahat ng pagpapasya tungkol sa programa sa special education ng iyong anak. Kung hindi malutas ang di-pagkakasundo sa impormal na paraan sa pamamagitan ng pakikipag-usap sa kawani ng paaralan, basahin ang Seksiyon VII ng Paglutas ng Hindi Pagkakaunawaan sa lathalaing ito para sa iba pang opsiyon.
Kapag nakuwalipika na ang anak ko para sa special education, mayroon pa bang dagdag na ebalwasyon?
Oo, dapat suriin ang mga mag-aaral na may kapansanan nang kahit isang beses sa bawat tatlong taon, at nang mas madalas kung kailangan. Bagamat kailangang suriin ang IEP nang isang beses kada taon, hindi kailangang ulitin nang ganoong kadalas ang ebalwasyon ng mga mag-aaral na may kapansanan. Kailangang ulitin ang ebalwasyon nang kahit isang beses sa bawat tatlong taon. Maaaring magkasundo ang magulang at ang distrito ng paaralan na hindi kailangang ulitin ang ebalwasyon kada tatlong taon. Gayunpaman, ang mga ebalwasyon kada tatlong taon ay kadalasang nagbibigay sa mga magulang at distrito ng paaralan ng makabuluhang impormasyon tungkol sa kalagayan ng mag-aaral. Isipin na lang ang mga pagbabagong nararanasan ng isang mag-aaral sa loob ng tatlong taon mula grade school hanggang high school! Pag-isipang mabuti bago sumang-ayon na hindi ipasuring muli ang iyong anak dahil maaaring maraming bagay ang magbago sa loob ng tatlong taong dadaan mula noong huling ebalwasyon. Maaaring muling suriin ang isang mag-aaral nang mas maaga kung pagpapasyahan ng distrito ng paaralan na kailangang ulitin ang ebalwasyon para sa mga pangangailangan sa edukasyon at serbisyo ng bata (kasama na rito ang mga sitwasyon kung saan bumuti ang lagay ng bata) o kung hihilingin ng magulang o guro na ulitin ang ebalwasyon. Gayunpaman, maaaring hindi ulitin ang ebalwasyon nang mas madalas kaysa sa isang beses kada taon, maliban na lang kung mapagkakasunduan ng magulang at distrito na kailangan ang ebalwasyon. Ang mga layunin ng pag-ulit sa ebalwasyon ay upang alamin:
- Kung patuloy na natutugunan ng mag-aaral ang mga pamantayan sa pagkuwalipika
- Kung anong mga karagdagang serbisyo ang kailangan para matugunan ang mga layunin ng IEP
- Ang mga kasalukuyang antas ng pagkamit sa akademiko at mga kaugnay na pangangailangan sa paglinang ng mag-aaral.
Kailangang suriin ng IEP Team ang kasalukuyang datos ng ebalwasyon para sa mag-aaral at pagpasyahan kung anong karagdagang pagsusuri, kung mayroon man, ang kailangan upang tugunan ang tatlong isyung nakalista sa itaas.
Saan matatanggap ng anak kong may kapansanan ang mga serbisyong inilalarawan sa IEP niya?
Kailangang turuan ang mga mag-aaral na may kapansanan sa lugar sa pagtuturo na may pinakakaunting restriksiyon - at maaaring ang ibig sabihin nito ay sa klase para sa general education. Ang mahalagang prinsipyo ng IDEA ay dapat isama sa programa ng general education ang mga mag-aaral na may kapansanan hangga't maaari at hindi ibukod o turuan nang nakahiwalay. Ang mga batang may kapansanan ay may karapatang maturuan sa lugar na may pinakakaunting restriksiyon. Ibig sabihin, kailangang isaalang-alang ng IEP Team na turuan at bigyan ng mga serbisyo ang isang mag-aaral sa lugar na kapareho ng sa mga mag-aaral na walang kapansanan para sa mga aktibidad na akademiko, hindi akademiko, at extracurricular. Maaari lang alisin ang isang mag-aaral na may kapansanan sa silid-aralan ng general education kung lubos na malala o nakakasagabal ang mga pangangailangan sa paraang hindi siya makagawa ng progreso sa pag-aaral, kahit na may dagdag na suporta at serbisyo na sa silid-aralan ng general education. Hindi lahat ng mag-aaral na may kapansanan ay magtatagumpay sa silid-aralan ng general education nang walang suporta. May ilang mag-aaral na kailangan ng indibiduwal na tulong mula sa katuwang ng guro sa klase, o ng mga pagbabago sa curriculum, materyal, paraan ng pagtuturo. May ibang mag-aaral naman na kailangan ng ganap na ibang lugar, gaya ng paaralan para sa may espesyal na pangangailangan o pagtuturo sa bahay. Kailangang siguruhin ng bawat distrito ng paaralan na mayroong hanay ng mga lugar sa pagtuturo para sa mga mag-aaral na may kapansanan dahil ang ilang mag-aaral na may kapansanan ay nangangailangan ng higit pa sa kayang ialok ng lugar sa general education. Kailangang turuan ang mga mag-aaral sa lugar sa pagtuturo na pinakamalapit sa silid-aralan ng general education, sa paraang mabibigyan pa rin ng pagkakataon ang mag-aaral na makagawa ng progreso sa akademiko. Ang hanay ng mga lugar sa pagtuturo na ito ay tinatawag minsan na koleksiyon ng mga lugar at maaaring kabilangan ng mga opsiyong inilalarawan sa chart na nasa kaliwa.
Ano ang mangyayari kung may IEP ang anak ko at lilipat kami ng lugar habang nasa taon ng paaralan?
- Lilipat sa loob ng estado: Ang bagong distrito ng paaralan ay kailangang magbigay sa mag-aaral ng mga serbisyong katulad ng nakalagay sa IEP mula sa dating distrito, hanggang sa mapagtibay na ng bagong distrito ang dating IEP o makabuo na ito ng bagong IEP.
- Lilipat sa labas ng estado: Ang bagong distrito sa bagong estado ay kailangang magbigay sa mag-aaral ng mga serbisyong katulad ng nakalagay sa IEP mula sa dating distrito, hanggang sa makagawa na ng ebalwasyon ang bagong distrito, kung kailangan, at makabuo na ito ng bagong IEP.
Sa parehong sitwasyon, kailangang magsagawa ang bagong paaralan ng mga makatuwirang hakbang upang agad na makuha ang mga rekord sa special education ng bata, at kailangang agad na matugunan ng dating paaralan ang hiling na makuha ang mga rekord.
Makakatanggap ba ang anak kong may kapansanan ng mga serbisyo sa special education sa summer?
Oo.
- Mga serbisyo sa Extended School Year (ESY, pinalawig na taon ng paaralan)
Maaaring makatanggap ang mag-aaral na may kapansanan ng mga serbisyo ng special education sa summer kung pagpapasyahan ng IEP Team na kailangan ang mga serbisyo upang makakuha ang mag-aaral ng makabuluhang edukasyon. Ang pagkuwalipika para sa mga serbisyo sa pinalawig na taon ng paaralan ay maaaring ibatay sa mga sumusunod na salik:
- Sa posibilidad na makalimutan ng mag-aaral ang mga kasanayan niya pagdaan ng summer
- Kung kailangan ang programang pang-summer upang matugunan ng mag-aaral ang mga taunang layunin ng IEP
- Sa rekomendasyon ng isang propesyonal
- Sa kasaysayan sa edukasyon ng mag-aaral.
Inaatasan ang mga distrito ng paaralan na bumuo ng mga pamantayan para sa mga IEP Team na gagamitin upang alamin kung kailangan ng mag-aaral ang mga serbisyo sa pinalawig na taon ng paaralan. Kung sa tingin mo ay kailangan ng iyong anak ng mga serbisyo sa pinalawig na taon ng paaralan, humingi ng kopya ng mga pamantayan ng distrito. Kung magbibigay ng programang pang-summer, kailangan nitong matugunan ang mga layunin ng IEP. Sa madaling salita, maaaring hindi makasapat ang paglahok sa mga kurso ng paaralan na pang-summer para sa general education na iniaalok sa lahat ng mag-aaral. Kung nakalagay sa IEP ng isang mag-aaral na one-on-one na tulong ang kailangan para sa taon ng paaralan, one-on-one na tulong din ang kailangang ibigay sa kanya sa summer. Kailangang ibigay ang programa sa pinalawig na taon ng paaralan nang walang babayaran ang mag-aaral. Kung walang angkop na programang pang-summer ang distrito para sa isang mag-aaral na kuwalipikado para sa mga serbisyo sa pinalawig na taon ng paaralan, dapat gumawa ang distrito ng ganito o magbayad para makalahok ang mag-aaral sa isang programang iniaalok ng ibang distrito ng paaralan o pribadong organisasyon. Kailangang bayaran ng distrito ang transportasyon at iba pang gastusing kaugnay ng programa sa pinalawig na taon ng paaralan.
- Mga akomodasyon at serbisyo sa paaralang pang-summer para sa general education
Kung hindi kuwalipikado ang mag-aaral na may kapansanan para sa mga serbisyo ng ESY pero nag-sign up siya para sa programa sa paaralang pang-summer para sa general education ng distrito, dapat pa ring magbigay ang paaralan ng mga akomodasyon at specialized na paraan ng pagtuturo sa mag-aaral. Hilingin ang mga serbisyong ito sa ilalim ng IDEA o Section 504 kung kailangan ng iyong anak ng mga karagdagang tulong upang makalahok sa programa.
Makakatulong ba ang programa sa special education para makapagtransisyon ang anak ko mula sa paaralan hanggang sa pamumuhay bilang nasa hustong gulang?
Oo, kailangang magbigay ang special education ng mga serbisyo ng pagtransisyon sa mga mag-aaral nang kahit pagkatuntong na nila sa edad na labing-anim. Nagbibigay ang special education ng mga serbisyo sa lahat ng mag-aaral na may kapansanan upang matulungan silang maghanda para sa pamumuhay bilang nasa hustong gulang. Ang mga serbisyong ito, na tinatawag na “mga serbisyo ng pagtransisyon,” ay ginawa upang isulong ang paglipat mula sa paaralan papunta sa mga aktibidad pagkatapos ng pasok sa paaralan, kasama na ang pag-aaral sa kolehiyo at sa post-secondary, mga programa sa bokasyonal na pagsasanay, programa sa pamumuhay nang nakakapagsarili, serbisyo para sa nasa hustong gulang, at pagtatrabaho nang may suporta. Kailangang simulan ng mga distrito ng paaralan ang pagpaplano sa pagtransisyon para sa mas nakakatandang mag-aaral, nang mas maaga sa panahon kung kailan magkakabisa ang unang IEP kapag 16 na taong gulang na ang mag-aaral. Ibig sabihin, kailangang tugunan ng distrito ng paaralan ang pagpaplano sa pagtransisyon sa taunang pulong para sa IEP bago sumapit ang ika-16 na kaarawan ng mag-aaral. Pagkatapos matugunan ang pagtransisyon, kailangang magsama sa IEP ng mga angkop at nasusukat na layuning post secondary na kaugnay ng pagsasanay, pag-aaral, pagtatrabaho at, kung angkop, mga kasanayan sa pamumuhay nang nakakapagsarili, at kailangan nitong ilista ang mga serbisyo ng pagtransisyon, kasama na ang mga kurso ng pag-aaral, na kailangan ng mag-aaral upang makamit ang mga layuning ito. Kailangang batay ang mga layuning ito sa pagtatasa para sa pagtransisyon na angkop sa edad. Ang mga uri ng serbisyo ng pagtransisyon na matatanggap ng isang mag-aaral ay dapat magsaalang-alang sa kanyang mga interes at kagustuhan at sa mga kasanayang kailangan niyang makuha.
Puwede ba akong makakuha ng naka-translate na kopya ng IEP ng anak ko?
Oo, puwede ka dapat makakuha ng naka-translate na kopya kung kailangan mo ito para maintindihan ang Individualized Education Program (IEP, Programa ng Edukasyon na Akma sa Indibiduwal) ng iyong anak.
Ayon sa mga panuntunan sa special education (espesyal na edukasyon), dapat i-translate ng mga distrito ang mga form ng pahintulot at “prior written notices mga paunang nakasulat na paunawa.”
para sa special education. Walang partikular na binanggit sa mga panuntunan sa special education tungkol sa pag-translate ng mismong IEP. Gayunpaman, ipinaliwanag ng US Department of Education (Kagawaran ng Edukasyon ng US) at US Department of Justice (Kagawaran ng Katarungan ng US) na upang makasunod sa Title VI ng Civil Rights Act (Batas sa mga Karapatang Sibil), handa dapat ang mga distrito na magbigay ng translation ng IEP. Ipinaliwanag nila na:
Sa ilalim ng Title VI, ang lahat ng mahahalagang dokumento, kasama na ang IEP ng isang mag-aaral, ay naa-access dapat ng mga magulang ng LEP [May Limitadong Kasanayan sa English], ngunit hindi ibig sabihin na naka-translate dapat ang lahat ng mahahalagang dokumento para sa bawat wika sa distrito. Halimbawa, maaaring sapat na sa ilang sitwasyon ang magkaroon ng nasa oras at kumpletong oral interpretation o naka-translate na buod ng isang mahalagang dokumento. Gayunpaman, handa dapat ang isang distrito na magbigay ng mga nasa oras at kumpletong naka-translate na IEP para makapaglaan ng makabuluhang access sa IEP at sa mga karapatan ng mga magulang para dito. Ito ay dahil kailangan ng mga magulang ng makabuluhang access sa IEP, hindi lang kapag nasa pulong para sa IEP, ngunit para sa buong taon ng pag-aaral upang masubaybayan ang progreso ng kanilang anak at matiyak na naibibigay ang mga serbisyo ng IEP.
https://sites.ed.gov/idea/files/policy_speced_guid_idea_memosdcltrs_iep-translation-06-14-2016.pdf
Kung kailangan mo ng naka-translate na kopya ng IEP team ng iyong anak, makipag-ugnayan sa kagawaran ng special education sa distrito ng paaralan ng iyong anak.
Kung mayroon kang tanong o alalahanin, pakitawagan kami sa Office of the Education Ombuds (OEO, Tanggapan ng Opisyal sa Edukasyon) at susubukan naming makatulong.
What are Accommodations and Modifications?
What are Accommodations and Modifications? stephaniePWhat are Accommodations and Modifications?
Accommodations are different than modifications. While the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and its regulations do not define accommodations or modifications, there is some general agreement as to what each is, as well as the difference(s) between the two:
Accommodations are provided when the student is expected to reach the same level of proficiency as their non-disabled peers. An accommodation allows a student to complete the same assignment or test as other students, but with a change in the timing, formatting, setting, scheduling, response and/or in any significant way what the test or assignment measures. Examples of accommodations include a student who is blind taking a Braille version of a test or a student taking a test alone in a quiet room.
Examples of accommodations include a student who is blind taking a Braille version of a test or a student taking a test alone in a quiet room.
Modifications are provided when the student is NOT expected to reach the same level of proficiency as their non-disabled peers. A modification is an adjustment to an assignment or a test that changes the standard or what the test or assignment is supposed to measure. Examples of modifications include a student completing work on part of a standard or a student completing an alternate assignment that is more easily achievable than the standard assignment.
Examples of modifications include a student completing work on part of a standard or a student completing an alternate assignment that is more easily achievable than the standard assignment.
Prior Written Notice (PWN)
Prior Written Notice (PWN) stephaniePPrior Written Notice (PWN)
Have you requested an evaluation, a re-evaluation, or a change to your child’s IEP (Individualized Education Program)? Did you get a Prior Written Notice (PWN) in response?
This toolkit explains why PWNs are important, and what to do if you have not received one, or if a PWN has only very general information.
Prior Written Notice (PWN):
A requirement under special education rules when a district proposes, or refuses, to initiate or change the identification, evaluation, placement or provision of “FAPE” (free appropriate public education).
A PWN is also a powerful tool to help understand what decisions have been made and why. For students who have an IEP, or might need one, there are many steps in an ongoing process of evaluation, planning and delivery of services. Having a clear written record of significant decisions and the reasons for them is critical.
A Prior Written Notice (PWN) is:
- a written document
- from the district, to the parents
- provided after a decision is made, but prior to/before it is implemented
- that is required under the special education rules
- for decisions relating to a child’s identification, evaluation, placement or provision of special education services, including those:
- made at an IEP meeting or
- made by the district in response to a parent’s request.
PWNs must describe the decision made, the reasons for it, other options considered, and information relied upon to make the decision. They must also provide parents information about their rights if they do not agree with the decision.
Districts must translate PWNs into the parent’s native language, unless it is clearly not feasible to do so.
Tip: Review the PWN attached to the Updated IEP
After your IEP meeting, look to see if there is a PWN attached to the back of the updated IEP. If it includes only very general statements, like “The team decided to update the IEP” because “it is required to be done annually,” do not hesitate to ask for a more complete PWN.
Sometimes the IEP will reflect a decision made at the meeting (for example if a team decides some specially designed instruction will shift from a resource room to a general education setting, the service matrix would be changed). However, an IEP would not reflect a request for a change that was ultimately denied. And the IEP itself doesn’t generally describe reasons why a change is made.
Without a PWN, important decisions, and reasons for them, may be lost to memory.
If you do not receive a PWN or the PWN does not reflect significant decisions an IEP team made, you can request that the district provide one.
Didn’t get a PWN? Didn’t see a significant decision reflected in the PWN you received?
Here are three variations on sample requests for a PWN:
"Dear IEP Case manager (or special education teacher),
Thank you for talking with me about my request for __(e.g., an initial evaluation; an early re-evaluation; a Functional Behavior Assessment; other). Please provide me with a Prior Written Notice with the district’s response to this request and confirm the next steps for moving forward."
After an IEP meeting
"Dear IEP Case manager (or special education teacher),
Thank you for getting the IEP team together discuss __(e.g. request for one-on-one support; increased time in general education; concerns about behavior referrals; other). I understand the next steps will be __________. Please provide me a Prior Written Notice to reflect the team’s decision on this issue and a copy of the amended IEP (if relevant)."
For a revised PWN
"Dear IEP Case Manager,
Thank you for providing me with a copy of the updated IEP after our annual meeting. I have reviewed the IEP and the attached PWN. I noticed that the PWN does not include information regarding our discussion and conclusions relating to _(e.g. increasing/decreasing service minutes; assistive technology; other). Please provide me with a revised PWN that reflects the decision on this/these issue(s). Please be sure the entire PWN is translated into _(my native language)___."
Sincerely,
Parent
Read more about PWNs in your Special Education Notice of Procedural Safeguards and in OSPI’s Understanding PWN short guidance. Review special education rule on Prior Notice at: WAC 392-172A-05010. To see what a PWN looks like, find one on OSPI’s Model Forms for Special Education page.
Functional Behavioral Assessments at Behavior Intervention Plans (FBAs at BIPs)
Functional Behavioral Assessments at Behavior Intervention Plans (FBAs at BIPs) Brittni.Thomps…Functional Behavioral Assessments at Behavior Intervention Plans (FBAs at BIPs)
Maraming iba't ibang pag-uugali ang inaasahan sa mga mag-aaral sa paaralan. Sa pangkaraniwan, inaasahan silang maupo nang tahimik, makinig sa guro, maglakad, hindi tumakbo, gumamit ng boses na angkop sa loob ng silid, at magbigay-galang sa iba.
Maaaring walang katapusan ang listahang ito kung susubukan nating isama ang lahat ng inaasahan mula sa iba't ibang antas ng grado, sa iba't ibang lugar, at sa maraming iba't ibang pamamaraan sa pag-uugali sa iba't ibang silid-aralan at paaralan.
Kailangan ng mga mag-aaral ng mga pagkakataon para matutunan ang mga inaasahang pag-uugali, sa katulad na paraan na kailangan nila ng mga pagkakataon para matuto sa pagbasa, pagsulat, at sa matematika.
Kailangan nila ng pagkakataon para matutunan kung ano ang mga inaasahang pag-uugali, kung paano tugunan ang mga inaasahan, at kung bakit mahalaga ang mga ito. Kailangan nila ng mga pagkakataon para magsanay, matuto mula sa mga pagkakamali, at makatanggap ng positibong feedback kapag natugunan nila ang mga inaasahan.
Kapag ibinabahagi ng mga paaralan sa mga pamilya ang tungkol sa mga inaasahang pag-uugali, makatutulong ang mga pamilya para maipagpatuloy ang pag-aaral sa bahay.
Kung nahihirapan ang isang mag-aaral na matugunan ang mga inaasahang pag-uugali, ang unang hakbang ay alamin kung nauunawaan ng mag-aaral kung ano ang inaasahan, at kung paano tutugunan ang mga inaasahan.
Kung ang pag-uugali ng isang mag-aaral ay nakasasagabal sa pagkatuto at nagpapatuloy pagkatapos ng mga pagtatangkang tugunan ito, maaaring magtulungan ang mga paaralan at ang mga pamilya para maunawaan nang mas mabuti kung ano ang pinagmumulan nito, at kung ano ang posibleng ipinahihiwatig ng mag-aaral sa pamamagitan ng pag-uugaling ito.
Kung hindi matagumpay ang mga pagtatangkang tugunan ang pag-uugali, at nakasasagabal ang pag-uugali sa pag-aaral, maaaring kailangan ng isang Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) upang maunawaan ang “silbi” o layunin ng pag-uugali, at upang magamit na gabay para sa mabibisa at positibong interbensiyon.
Ang isang FBA ay kailangan sa ilang sitwasyon kapag nasuspinde o na-expel nang 10 araw o higit pa ang isang batang may kapansanan. Ang isang FBA ay maaaring maging kapaki-pakinabang na tool para sa pagsuporta sa sinumang bata, may kapansanan man o wala.
Kung nag-aalala ka na ang mga pag-uugali ng iyong anak ay nakasasagal sa pag-aaral, nagiging dahilan ng paulit-ulit na pagdidisiplina, o nakapipigil sa anak mo para magkaroon ng mas maraming oras sa lugar ng pangkalahatang edukasyon, maaari mong hilingin sa paaralan na gumawa sila ng FBA at bumuo ng BIP.
Para sa iba pang impormasyon, tingnan ang Mga FAQ tungkol sa mga FBA at BIP, Checklist: Mga Bagay na Dapat Hanapin sa isang FBA at BIP at mga Halimbawang Liham para sa Paghiling ng FBA at Pagsusuri ng BIP ng Office of the Education Ombuds (OEO, Tanggapan ng Opisyal sa Edukasyon).
What is a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)?
Overview:
A Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) is:
- A problem-solving process to try to understand the functions of behavior.
- It can also be a type of evaluation for an individual student to understand their behavior.
An FBA generally includes observation and data collection, looking at:
- The environment where the behavior occurs;
- The ABCs:– the Antecedents (what happens before the behavior), the Behavior itself, and the Consequences (what happens after the behavior); and
- Other factors that may be influencing the behavior.
An FBA leads to a hypothesis about what “function” or purpose a behavior serves, so a team can identify alternative “replacement” behaviors that can serve the same function, or meet the same need, without interfering with learning.
Information gathered in the FBA is generally used to develop a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP).
More Details:
A functional behavioral assessment (an “FBA”), is a type of evaluation used by a school district to determine the cause (or “function”) of behavior.
An FBA focuses on a particular behavior of concern, or “target behavior.” Using various methods, often including observation, data collection, and interviews, the FBA tries to identify what leads to the behavior and what keeps it going. It looks at whether the current responses to the behavior are unintentionally reinforcing it. It looks at what could be appropriate, “replacement” behaviors to meet the same need, without interfering with learning.
An FBA helps answer questions about:
- why a behavior occurs,
- when and where it happens,
- what generally comes before it, and
- what happens afterward.
That information is used to design and target positive interventions to teach and support the student in replacing inappropriate behaviors with appropriate behaviors.
Under special education rules, a parent’s consent is required for an evaluation, including an FBA.
What is this behavior communicating?
Our behaviors (what we do), can communicate a lot about what we think, feel, want or need. Exactly what a behavior is communicating is often not clear, and can be misinterpreted.
We might safely assume that a student clapping and smiling is communicating approval, and that a student shaking their head side to side is communicating “no.”
- What about a student crying? Is that communicating sadness? Frustration?
- What about a student looking away and shaking their head in response to questions? Is that communicating confusion? Defiance? Exhaustion?
If we misinterpret the meaning of a behavior, our responses can be ineffective.
An FBA can help uncover the meaning(s) of a behavior that is getting in the way of learning, and effective ways to address it.
How is an FBA different from other evaluations?
An FBA generally focuses on very specific, observable behaviors in a specific environment. An FBA considers how the environment of the classroom or other setting might be influencing a child’s behavior.
Other types of behavior assessments, often included in comprehensive evaluations, look more broadly at a student’s behavior over time and in various settings.
In other words, an FBA generally looks specifically at behaviors that are getting in the way of learning where the child is at, and focuses on how those behaviors can best be addressed in that context.
When can I, or should I, ask for an FBA for my child?
Consider asking about an FBA if your child’s behavior appears to be interfering with your child’s own education, or with the education of others, and
- it is not clear why the behavior is occurring; and
- the teacher has tried different interventions to address the behavior but they haven’t been successful.
Some specific examples of when you might ask about an FBA:
- your child’s behavior is identified as a barrier to spending more time in a general education classroom.
- your child is sent out of the classroom frequently or for long periods of time for disruptive or inappropriate behavior;
- your child is not participating in class or engaging with instruction on a regular basis (maybe putting their head down, falling asleep, or refusing to do work).
If you don’t know yet how often the behavior is occurring, or how frequently a child is removed from the classroom, the first step may be to ask the teacher and/or principal to start keeping track, in other words to start taking some data, on how often it is happening.
This can give you all a “baseline” or starting point, for understanding the situation.
How do I ask for an FBA for my child?
The best practice is to make a request for an FBA in writing. That can be by email, or by letter. Keep a copy for yourself. Check out the Sample Request for an FBA.
You can also make a request for an FBA in person at a meeting, or in a conversation with your child’s teacher or principal. It is important to follow up if you do not hear back about next steps, because sometimes verbal requests get lost in the busy day to day of school.
If you make the request for an FBA at an IEP meeting, be sure to check to see that the request and the team’s response to it is reflected in a Prior Written Notice (PWN) after the meeting. The Prior Written Notices help you and the others on your child’s IEP team keep track of important requests and decisions.
Who do I ask for an FBA?
There's no single right answer, but here are places to start:
- If your child has an IEP, ask the IEP Case Manager or Special Education teacher
- If your child has a 504 plan, ask the teacher and/or school counselor
- If your child doesn't have an IEP or 504 plan, ask the teacher, school counselor and/or principal
What if I get no response?
If you make a request for an FBA and do not hear back in a few days, start by following up with the same person by email or phone.
If you still do not hear back, consider elevating the request to the principal, a school psychologist or a district special education supervisor.
What if the school says "No" to my request for an FBA?
If the initial response to a request for an FBA is “no,” consider requesting a meeting to discuss it. At the meeting, be ready to share the reasons why you are requesting the FBA, and to listen to understand why the school or other team members think an FBA is not necessary.
Before the meeting, ask the school to gather information in order to share an update regarding your child’s recent behavior.
- If your child has been removed from the classroom for behavior, ask the team to keep track of each time the student is removed, what it was for and how long it lasted;
- If you are concerned your child has been avoiding work, ask if the teacher or another team member could take some informal data or notes and report back regarding how often, for how long your child appears to be disengaged or off-task.
After getting additional information, if it appears that a pattern of behavior is disrupting your child’s learning, you can ask the team to consider the request for an FBA again. If the school does not see a pattern of problem behavior, or believes there are additional interventions they can try first, ask to set a date to check in again to review how things are going. Set yourself a reminder to check in again in a month or two to see how things are going.
If your child has an IEP, after the team has a chance to discuss and make a decision, be sure you check for a Prior Written Notice (PWN) documenting the decision and reasons for it.
If you still disagree with the decision, and want to understand options for dispute resolution for students receiving or eligible for special education services, take a look at OEO’s Parent Guide on Protecting the Educational Rights of Students with Disabilities in Public Schools, and our Toolkit on Prior Written Notice.
FBAs and Discipline - When is an FBA required?
An FBA is sometimes required for students who have an IEP (Individualized Education Program), if the student is suspended or expelled for more than 10 school days. Specifically, a school is required to do an FBA and develop a BIP for any student who has an IEP if:
- the student is suspended or expelled; and
- the suspension or expulsion will be for more than 10 days; and
- in making a manifestation determination, members of the child’s IEP team, including the parents, determine that the behavior that led to the suspension or expulsion was a “manifestation” of the disability – that is, it was caused by or had a direct and substantial relationship to the child’s disability.
This also applies if the student has been suspended or expelled several different times for shorter periods (less than 10 days), but the multiple suspensions or expulsions make a pattern that adds up to more than 10 days.
If a student’s behavior is determined not to be a manifestation of the disability, the rules recommend that the team do an FBA and develop a BIP to avoid similar behaviors from happening again.
You can find the details about requirements for FBAs for students with IEPs in the special education regulations, at in WAC Chapter 392-172A, available online at: https://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=392-172a&full=true.
To read more about discipline requirements for students who have an IEP, or meet the requirements for an IEP but have not yet been evaluated, see OEO’s Parent Guide on Protecting the Educational Rights of Students with Disabilities in Public Schools and OSPI’s Technical Assistance Paper No. 2 (TAP 2).
Who completes the FBA?
School districts generally decide which staff they will assign to complete FBAs. It might be a school psychologist, a behavior specialist, or a special education teacher. Often, the process starts with a team discussion about which behavior is the greatest concern, who will observe the student in order to take data about that behavior, and when and in what settings they will take the data.
Special education rules require that evaluations be completed by a person with the necessary experience and qualifications. The more complicated the behavior, the more likely it is that a specialist may be needed to help understand the functions of the behavior and identify effective interventions.
Are FBAs and BIPs only for students with IEPs or only certain kinds of IEPs?
No. Functional Behavior Assessments are a tool that schools and families can use to help understand and address challenging behaviors for any student.
The use of FBAs might be most familiar for students with IEPs because in some cases they are required (see the section on discipline). Also, special education rules require that IEP teams consider the use of “positive behavioral interventions and supports and other strategies” for any child with an IEP whose behavior is getting in the way of that own child’s learning, or of other students’ learning. Developing an effective behavior intervention plan depends on first developing a good understanding of why the behavior is occurring, and that is what an FBA can do.
Can I request an Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE) if I disagree with the district’s FBA?
Yes, if it was for a child with an IEP. Under special education rules, each time a district does an evaluation, if a parent disagrees with the results, the parent can request an Independent Educational Evaluation at district expense. An FBA that looks at an individual’s child’s behavior is a type of evaluation, so if a parent disagrees with the results, the parent can request an IEE at public expense.The district either can agree, or must initiate a due process hearing to defend its own evaluation. For details on IEEs, see: OEO’s Parent Guide on Protecting the Educational Rights of Students with Disabilities in Public Schools and OSPI’s Special Education page on Guidance for Families.
What is a Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP)?
Washington state’s special education rules define a Behavioral Intervention Plan, or BIP, as a plan that is incorporated into a child’s IEP if the team determines it is necessary, and that describes, at a minimum:
- The pattern of behavior that is impeding (getting in the way of) the student’s learning or others;
- The instructional and/or environmental conditions or circumstances that contribute to that pattern of behavior
- The positive behavioral interventions and supports to:
- reduce the behavior that is getting in the way of learning and increase desired prosocial behaviors and
- ensure the plan is implemented consistently across the student’s school day, including classes and activities; and
- The skills that will be taught and monitored as alternatives to the challenging behavior.
Most importantly, BIPs should describe an alternative behavior that the student will be taught to replace the inappropriate behavior – this is often called a “replacement behavior.”
The plan should identify what replacement behavior will be taught, how it will be taught, and who is responsible for teaching it to the student.
The plan should identify strategies and instruction that will
- provide alternatives to challenging behaviors,
- reinforce desired behaviors, and
- reduce or eliminate the frequency and severity of challenging behaviors.
Positive behavioral interventions include the consideration of environmental factors that may trigger challenging behaviors and teaching your student the skills to manage her or his own behavior.
What do we mean by "Behavior"?
Behavior is everything we do – it can be words, actions, gestures or a combination of those. Behaviors can be observed; they can be seen or heard.
Disruptive or “externalizing” behaviors, such has yelling, hitting, or breaking things, often draw the most attention, and discipline.
Other behaviors that are less obvious or disruptive to others can still be significant and interfere with a student’s own learning, like avoiding class or peer interactions, or engaging in self-harm.
If the behavior is persistent and is interfering with learning, you can ask about doing an FBA and developing a BIP to address it.
What is a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)?
What is a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)?Overview:
A Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) is:
- A problem-solving process to try to understand the functions of behavior.
- It can also be a type of evaluation for an individual student to understand their behavior.
An FBA generally includes observation and data collection, looking at:
- The environment where the behavior occurs;
- The ABCs:– the Antecedents (what happens before the behavior), the Behavior itself, and the Consequences (what happens after the behavior); and
- Other factors that may be influencing the behavior.
An FBA leads to a hypothesis about what “function” or purpose a behavior serves, so a team can identify alternative “replacement” behaviors that can serve the same function, or meet the same need, without interfering with learning.
Information gathered in the FBA is generally used to develop a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP).
More Details:
A functional behavioral assessment (an “FBA”), is a type of evaluation used by a school district to determine the cause (or “function”) of behavior.
An FBA focuses on a particular behavior of concern, or “target behavior.” Using various methods, often including observation, data collection, and interviews, the FBA tries to identify what leads to the behavior and what keeps it going. It looks at whether the current responses to the behavior are unintentionally reinforcing it. It looks at what could be appropriate, “replacement” behaviors to meet the same need, without interfering with learning.
An FBA helps answer questions about:
- why a behavior occurs,
- when and where it happens,
- what generally comes before it, and
- what happens afterward.
That information is used to design and target positive interventions to teach and support the student in replacing inappropriate behaviors with appropriate behaviors.
Under special education rules, a parent’s consent is required for an evaluation, including an FBA.
What is this behavior communicating?
What is this behavior communicating?Our behaviors (what we do), can communicate a lot about what we think, feel, want or need. Exactly what a behavior is communicating is often not clear, and can be misinterpreted.
We might safely assume that a student clapping and smiling is communicating approval, and that a student shaking their head side to side is communicating “no.”
- What about a student crying? Is that communicating sadness? Frustration?
- What about a student looking away and shaking their head in response to questions? Is that communicating confusion? Defiance? Exhaustion?
If we misinterpret the meaning of a behavior, our responses can be ineffective.
An FBA can help uncover the meaning(s) of a behavior that is getting in the way of learning, and effective ways to address it.
How is an FBA different from other evaluations?
How is an FBA different from other evaluations?An FBA generally focuses on very specific, observable behaviors in a specific environment. An FBA considers how the environment of the classroom or other setting might be influencing a child’s behavior.
Other types of behavior assessments, often included in comprehensive evaluations, look more broadly at a student’s behavior over time and in various settings.
In other words, an FBA generally looks specifically at behaviors that are getting in the way of learning where the child is at, and focuses on how those behaviors can best be addressed in that context.
When can I, or should I, ask for an FBA for my child?
When can I, or should I, ask for an FBA for my child?Consider asking about an FBA if your child’s behavior appears to be interfering with your child’s own education, or with the education of others, and
- it is not clear why the behavior is occurring; and
- the teacher has tried different interventions to address the behavior but they haven’t been successful.
Some specific examples of when you might ask about an FBA:
- your child’s behavior is identified as a barrier to spending more time in a general education classroom.
- your child is sent out of the classroom frequently or for long periods of time for disruptive or inappropriate behavior;
- your child is not participating in class or engaging with instruction on a regular basis (maybe putting their head down, falling asleep, or refusing to do work).
If you don’t know yet how often the behavior is occurring, or how frequently a child is removed from the classroom, the first step may be to ask the teacher and/or principal to start keeping track, in other words to start taking some data, on how often it is happening.
This can give you all a “baseline” or starting point, for understanding the situation.
How do I ask for an FBA for my child?
How do I ask for an FBA for my child?The best practice is to make a request for an FBA in writing. That can be by email, or by letter. Keep a copy for yourself. Check out the Sample Request for an FBA.
You can also make a request for an FBA in person at a meeting, or in a conversation with your child’s teacher or principal. It is important to follow up if you do not hear back about next steps, because sometimes verbal requests get lost in the busy day to day of school.
If you make the request for an FBA at an IEP meeting, be sure to check to see that the request and the team’s response to it is reflected in a Prior Written Notice (PWN) after the meeting. The Prior Written Notices help you and the others on your child’s IEP team keep track of important requests and decisions.
Who do I ask for an FBA?
Who do I ask for an FBA?There's no single right answer, but here are places to start:
- If your child has an IEP, ask the IEP Case Manager or Special Education teacher
- If your child has a 504 plan, ask the teacher and/or school counselor
- If your child doesn't have an IEP or 504 plan, ask the teacher, school counselor and/or principal
What if I get no response?
If you make a request for an FBA and do not hear back in a few days, start by following up with the same person by email or phone.
If you still do not hear back, consider elevating the request to the principal, a school psychologist or a district special education supervisor.
What if the school says "No" to my request for an FBA?
What if the school says "No" to my request for an FBA?If the initial response to a request for an FBA is “no,” consider requesting a meeting to discuss it. At the meeting, be ready to share the reasons why you are requesting the FBA, and to listen to understand why the school or other team members think an FBA is not necessary.
Before the meeting, ask the school to gather information in order to share an update regarding your child’s recent behavior.
- If your child has been removed from the classroom for behavior, ask the team to keep track of each time the student is removed, what it was for and how long it lasted;
- If you are concerned your child has been avoiding work, ask if the teacher or another team member could take some informal data or notes and report back regarding how often, for how long your child appears to be disengaged or off-task.
After getting additional information, if it appears that a pattern of behavior is disrupting your child’s learning, you can ask the team to consider the request for an FBA again. If the school does not see a pattern of problem behavior, or believes there are additional interventions they can try first, ask to set a date to check in again to review how things are going. Set yourself a reminder to check in again in a month or two to see how things are going.
If your child has an IEP, after the team has a chance to discuss and make a decision, be sure you check for a Prior Written Notice (PWN) documenting the decision and reasons for it.
If you still disagree with the decision, and want to understand options for dispute resolution for students receiving or eligible for special education services, take a look at OEO’s Parent Guide on Protecting the Educational Rights of Students with Disabilities in Public Schools, and our Toolkit on Prior Written Notice.
FBAs and Discipline - When is an FBA required?
FBAs and Discipline - When is an FBA required?An FBA is sometimes required for students who have an IEP (Individualized Education Program), if the student is suspended or expelled for more than 10 school days. Specifically, a school is required to do an FBA and develop a BIP for any student who has an IEP if:
- the student is suspended or expelled; and
- the suspension or expulsion will be for more than 10 days; and
- in making a manifestation determination, members of the child’s IEP team, including the parents, determine that the behavior that led to the suspension or expulsion was a “manifestation” of the disability – that is, it was caused by or had a direct and substantial relationship to the child’s disability.
This also applies if the student has been suspended or expelled several different times for shorter periods (less than 10 days), but the multiple suspensions or expulsions make a pattern that adds up to more than 10 days.
If a student’s behavior is determined not to be a manifestation of the disability, the rules recommend that the team do an FBA and develop a BIP to avoid similar behaviors from happening again.
You can find the details about requirements for FBAs for students with IEPs in the special education regulations, at in WAC Chapter 392-172A, available online at: https://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=392-172a&full=true.
To read more about discipline requirements for students who have an IEP, or meet the requirements for an IEP but have not yet been evaluated, see OEO’s Parent Guide on Protecting the Educational Rights of Students with Disabilities in Public Schools and OSPI’s Technical Assistance Paper No. 2 (TAP 2).
Who completes the FBA?
Who completes the FBA?School districts generally decide which staff they will assign to complete FBAs. It might be a school psychologist, a behavior specialist, or a special education teacher. Often, the process starts with a team discussion about which behavior is the greatest concern, who will observe the student in order to take data about that behavior, and when and in what settings they will take the data.
Special education rules require that evaluations be completed by a person with the necessary experience and qualifications. The more complicated the behavior, the more likely it is that a specialist may be needed to help understand the functions of the behavior and identify effective interventions.
Are FBAs and BIPs only for students with IEPs or only certain kinds of IEPs?
Are FBAs and BIPs only for students with IEPs or only certain kinds of IEPs?No. Functional Behavior Assessments are a tool that schools and families can use to help understand and address challenging behaviors for any student.
The use of FBAs might be most familiar for students with IEPs because in some cases they are required (see the section on discipline). Also, special education rules require that IEP teams consider the use of “positive behavioral interventions and supports and other strategies” for any child with an IEP whose behavior is getting in the way of that own child’s learning, or of other students’ learning. Developing an effective behavior intervention plan depends on first developing a good understanding of why the behavior is occurring, and that is what an FBA can do.
Can I request an Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE) if I disagree with the district’s FBA?
Can I request an Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE) if I disagree with the district’s FBA?Yes, if it was for a child with an IEP. Under special education rules, each time a district does an evaluation, if a parent disagrees with the results, the parent can request an Independent Educational Evaluation at district expense. An FBA that looks at an individual’s child’s behavior is a type of evaluation, so if a parent disagrees with the results, the parent can request an IEE at public expense.The district either can agree, or must initiate a due process hearing to defend its own evaluation. For details on IEEs, see: OEO’s Parent Guide on Protecting the Educational Rights of Students with Disabilities in Public Schools and OSPI’s Special Education page on Guidance for Families.
What is a Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP)?
What is a Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP)?Washington state’s special education rules define a Behavioral Intervention Plan, or BIP, as a plan that is incorporated into a child’s IEP if the team determines it is necessary, and that describes, at a minimum:
- The pattern of behavior that is impeding (getting in the way of) the student’s learning or others;
- The instructional and/or environmental conditions or circumstances that contribute to that pattern of behavior
- The positive behavioral interventions and supports to:
- reduce the behavior that is getting in the way of learning and increase desired prosocial behaviors and
- ensure the plan is implemented consistently across the student’s school day, including classes and activities; and
- The skills that will be taught and monitored as alternatives to the challenging behavior.
Most importantly, BIPs should describe an alternative behavior that the student will be taught to replace the inappropriate behavior – this is often called a “replacement behavior.”
The plan should identify what replacement behavior will be taught, how it will be taught, and who is responsible for teaching it to the student.
The plan should identify strategies and instruction that will
- provide alternatives to challenging behaviors,
- reinforce desired behaviors, and
- reduce or eliminate the frequency and severity of challenging behaviors.
Positive behavioral interventions include the consideration of environmental factors that may trigger challenging behaviors and teaching your student the skills to manage her or his own behavior.
What do we mean by "Behavior"?
Behavior is everything we do – it can be words, actions, gestures or a combination of those. Behaviors can be observed; they can be seen or heard.
Disruptive or “externalizing” behaviors, such has yelling, hitting, or breaking things, often draw the most attention, and discipline.
Other behaviors that are less obvious or disruptive to others can still be significant and interfere with a student’s own learning, like avoiding class or peer interactions, or engaging in self-harm.
If the behavior is persistent and is interfering with learning, you can ask about doing an FBA and developing a BIP to address it.
What if my child already has a BIP but is still struggling with behavior?
What if my child already has a BIP but is still struggling with behavior?If a child’s behaviors continue even after a BIP has been developed and implemented, or if new challenging behaviors start, consider asking for a meeting to review the current plan and consider next steps.
Before the meeting, you can ask the team working with your child to share the data collected under the current behavior plan. As the team reviews the most recent data regarding your child’s behavior, you can consider whether:
- There is enough information to make changes to the current BIP and continue to track progress; or
- The team needs updated information about the possible purposes and triggers of your child’s behavior.
If new, updated information is needed, a new FBA can be done to help design an updated BIP.
Generally, new behavioral interventions will take time to show results, and the team may want to allow at least six weeks or a month and a half to give your child time to learn the new expected behavior.
Where can I learn more about FBAs and BIPs?
Where can I learn more about FBAs and BIPs?Washington State Special Education Rules (the WACs):
https://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=392-172A&full=true
OSPI (Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction):
Guidance for Families re Behavior and Discipline:
Model State Forms for Special Education, including FBAs and BIPs:
U.S. Department of Education Dear Colleague Letter
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports in IEPs, August 1, 2016:
https://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/files/dcl-on-pbis-in-ieps--08-01-2016.pdf
Checklist: What things should I look for in an FBA?
Checklist: What things should I look for in an FBA?Things to look for in an FBA
- Does it define a specific behavior that is observable and measurable
- Can you picture it in your mind?
- Would a stranger imagine the same behavior if they read the description?
- If it says something general like “disruptive behavior” – ask for a more concrete, specific definition. (see examples below)
- Does it explain how often, when and where that behavior occurs?
- Is there recent data showing how often it has been happening?
- Does the information describe how often and when the behavior is occurring in your child’s current placement or setting? (if the placement has changed since the FBA was completed, a new look may be needed).
- Does it consider environmental factors?
- Does it consider how the dynamics of the classroom, hallways, lunchroom, gym or recess might influence the behavior?
- Does it consider how instruction – both what is taught and how it is taught – might influence the behavior?
- Does it consider how interaction with peers or adults might influence the behavior?
- Does it reflect information you have been able to share regarding your child’s behavior, including:
- Whether/when/how often the behaviors that occur in the classroom or at school also happen in other settings;
- What you have observed regarding what seems to trigger inappropriate behaviors; and
- What you have found seems to be successful in calming, redirecting or motivating your child.
- Does it take into account information about your child’s mental health? Or experience with trauma, if that is relevant?
- Does it include a suggestion about the purpose of the behavior that makes sense in light of the data?
Examples: General | Examples: Concrete, Specific |
---|---|
Aggressive behavior | Hitting, biting, kicking, pinching (self, adults, or other students), etc. |
Self-injurious behavior | Hitting head, biting fingers, scratching, etc. |
Disruptive behavior | Blurting out in class, making noises, slamming door, etc. |
Time off task | Sleeping, walking around classroom, throwing or dropping papers, pencils, etc. |
Checklist: What should I look for in a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)?
Checklist: What should I look for in a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)?Things to look for in a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)
- Does it describe a specific behavior that the team is going to work on reducing?
- Does it describe a specific, appropriate alternative or “replacement” behavior that the team is going to help your child learn and practice?
- Does it explain to adults working with your child what they can do in order to avoid things that trigger your child’s inappropriate behavior?
- Does it describe warning signs that might mean your child is getting upset?
- Does it explain to adults working with your child what they can do to help your child feel safe and de-escalate if they get upset?
- Does it describe a set of things that your child likes that can be used to reinforce and reward your child for positive behavior?
- Does it include a plan to taking data to see how the interventions are working?
Sample Letter: How do I request a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)?
Sample Letter: How do I request a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)?Request for a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)
Date:
Dear IEP Case Manager/Special Education Teacher or Principal
Re: Request for FBA
I am requesting a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) for my child.[Add child's full name]
I am concerned that my child’s behavior is interfering with their education. [Add more detail here, for example: they are not making progress on IEP goals or it is keeping them from spending more time in general education.]
I am also requesting an IEP team (or 504 team) meeting to discuss a plan for the FBA. [Make a note here if there are specific people you want to have at the meeting. For example: I would like the school psychologist or a district behavior specialist to attend the meeting.]
I can meet on: _______________[Add dates/times].
I look forward to your response.
Sincerely,
__________________________________
(Signature)
Sample Letter: How do I request a review of a Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP)?
Sample Letter: How do I request a review of a Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP)?Request for Review of a Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP)
Date:
Dear IEP Case Manager/Special Education Teacher
Re: Request for Meeting to Review My Child’s Behavior Plan
I am requesting an IEP team (504 team) meeting to review my child’s Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP).
At the meeting, I hope we can review recent behavior data and talk about how the plan is working.
At least a few days before the meeting, please send me copies of the data collected over the past (months/weeks/year) relating to the behavior plan.
I can meet on: __________ [dates/times].
I look forward to your response.
Sincerely,
__________________________________
(Signature)
School Discipline Rules for Students with Disabilities
School Discipline Rules for Students with Disabilities stephaniePSchool Discipline Rules for Students with Disabilities
The Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction (OSPI) filed emergency rules clarifying and updating Chapter 392-400 WAC Student Discipline (see OSPI Rulemaking Activity website). OSPI plans to also conduct permanent rulemaking concerning Student Discipline. The emergency rules are effective immediately and the permanent rules are anticipated to be in effect by the 2025–26 school year. Read more: New Emergency Discipline Rules From OSPI Now In Effect.
In 2016, major changes were made to school discipline law in Washington state that apply to all
public school students. The changes include:
- new limits on the maximum length of suspensions and expulsions;
- new limits on the reasons students can be suspended or expelled for more than 10 school days;
- new requirements for districts to provide educational services during any suspensions or expulsions; and
- new requirements for culturally responsive and culturally sensitive re-engagement meetings.
Students with disabilities are protected by these new changes, in addition to the protections in special education rules.
When can students be suspended or expelled for more than 10 school days?
Under special education rules, except in special circumstances, schools may not suspend or expel a student with disabilities for more than 10 school days if the conduct was a “manifestation” of the student’s disability or was due to the district’s failure to implement the IEP. Now, under discipline rules that apply to ALL students, schools may not suspend or expel ANY student for more than 10 school days unless the conduct fits within one of 4 categories of “non-discretionary offenses.”
Those categories include:
- A violation of the prohibition against firearms on school premises, transportation, or facilities;
- Certain violent offenses, sex offenses, offenses related to liquor, controlled substances, toxic inhalants, certain crimes related to firearms, assault, kidnapping, harassment, and arson;
- Two or more violations within a three-year period of criminal gang intimidation or other gang activity on school grounds, possessing dangerous weapons on school facilities, willfully disobeying school administrators or refusing to leave public property, or defacing or injuring school property; or
- Behavior that adversely impacts the health or safety of other students or educational staff.
If the student’s conduct does not fall within one of those categories, the student MAY NOT be suspended or expelled for more than 10 school days.
When does a district have to provide Educational Services?
Under special education rules, if a student with an IEP is removed for more than 10 school days for disciplinary reasons, the district must provide educational services in an “Interim Alternative Education Setting.” The services must allow the student to continue to make progress on their IEP goals and to continue participating in the general education curriculum. The setting is determined by the IEP team. Under the new discipline rules, now, ALL students must have an opportunity to access educational services during ANY suspension or expulsion, even if it is less than 10 school days.
What kind of meeting is required when a student is suspended for more than 10 days?
When a student is suspended or expelled for more than 10 school days, the school must invite the family and the student to a RE-ENGAGEMENT meeting to develop a plan to support the student’s successful return to school. Families must have an opportunity to give meaningful input to the plan. Re- engagement plans must be culturally sensitive and culturally responsive. A re-engagement meeting must be held either:
- Within 20 days of the start of the suspension or expulsion if it is for longer than 20 days; or
- No later than 5 days before the student will return to school if the suspension or expulsion is less than 20 days.
Where you can have an impact:
- Ask the school how you can get educational services started right away, even if the student will not be out for more than 10 school days.
- Review the list of “non-discretionary offenses” and consider whether a long-term suspension or expulsion is permitted for the kind of conduct involved.
- If the student will be out for more than 10 school days, talk with the school and district about planning in advance for the student’s re-engagement with school.
- Remember, students with disabilities and their parents have the same rights to appeal suspensions or expulsions as any student. The protections in special education rules are in addition to those basic rights.
For more information about re-engagement meetings, and to find tips for families, check out OEO’s webpage on Suspensions, Expulsions and Discipline: https://www.oeo.wa.gov/en/education-issues/discipline-suspensions-and-expulsions.
Steps that Schools Must Take to Discipline Students with Disabilities
What is a school district supposed to do if my student with a disability breaks a school rule that would normally require suspension for more than 10 school days or an expulsion?
- Give notice.
- Have a manifestation determination meeting.
- Look at the behavior and develop a functional behavior plan.
A change in placement occurs when a student who receives special education services is removed from school for a period of more than 10 school days in a row or experiences a pattern of shorter removals that over time exceed 10 school days. Long term suspensions and expulsions are considered a change of placement. If the district wants to order a change of placement for a student receiving special education services, it must follow the steps outlined above before the change can be implemented. School district staff may consider any unique circumstances on a case-by-case basis when deciding whether to order a change in placement for a student with a disability who violates a code of conduct.
What notice is required when a school district wants to remove my student with disabilities from school for any period of time?
The school district must give written notice of the decision to remove the student AND describe the procedural protections available.
Notice must be given no later than the date that the decision to remove the student is made. The law says the written notice must be given to parents of the disciplined student.
What is a manifestation determination and why is it important when my student who receives special education services gets disciplined at school?
A manifestation determination is what a district must do when a student is facing a suspension or expulsion for more than 10 school days. The manifestation determination requires the school district, the parent and relevant members of the student’s IEP Team to meet and consider whether the student’s behavior is related to their disability.
This meeting has huge consequences for a student and the stability of the student’s educational placement.
If there is a relationship between the disability and the behavior, then the student cannot be punished, and several things must happen. The student must be allowed to return to the educational placement that he or she attended prior to the disciplinary removal unless special circumstances (described below) exist or unless the parent and the district agree otherwise. In addition, the student must receive a functional behavior assessment and behavior intervention plan or have their existing plan reviewed and modified, as necessary, to address the behavior.
If it is determined that there is no relationship between the disability and the behavior, then the disciplinary procedures concerning non-disabled students can be applied, and the student can be suspended or expelled. However, the school 1) must provide educational services to the student, although services may be provided in an interim alternative educational setting and 2) perform, as appropriate, a functional behavior assessment and develop a behavior intervention plan.
See “Weapons, Drugs, Serious Bodily Injury, Dangerous Behavior and Interim Alternative Educational Settings” below for information on special circumstances when a student can be removed from their educational placement even if it is decided at a manifestation determination meeting that the student’s behavior was related to their disability.
Where you can have an impact
Act quickly if your student is excluded from school. It may be several days before you receive notice or information about why they are not allowed to return.
Be sure to contact the person in charge of discipline and let them know that your student has a disability.
If the school proposes to keep your student out of school for more than ten school days, it is important that the school district is quick to schedule a meeting regarding the behavior and its relationship to your student’s disability.
Monitoring discipline issues and being aware of the rights of students with disabilities will reduce the number of days your student is without educational services.
Bring the needs of your student to the attention of school district administration. If you think that the school administration is not listening to you, call the district’s Director of Special Education.
Ask for an IEP or 504 meeting.
Ask that educational services be provided during the period of exclusion.
When does the manifestation determination meeting have to take place?
The manifestation determination must take place immediately, if possible, but in no case later than 10 school days after the date the district decides to change the placement of the student for disciplinary reasons.
Who is a part of the manifestation determination meeting?
The district, the parents and relevant members of the IEP Team.
IDEA says the manifestation determination team consists of the parent and those members of the IEP Team the parents and school district determine to be relevant to the decision making, implying not all IEP Team members need to be present. Note you can always ask for certain members to be present if you think the information they have will be valuable to the manifestation determination process.
Throughout this publication, we will refer to the team that makes decisions at a manifestation determination meeting as the “manifestation determination team.” If we are referring to situations where the full IEP Team is present, we will indicate “IEP Team.”
What does the manifestation determination team consider when conducting the manifestation determination?
The manifestation determination team must take into consideration all relevant information.
The manifestation determination team must consider:
- Evaluation and diagnostic results, including those provided by the parents of the student
- Observations of the student
- The student’s individualized education program.
What questions must the manifestation determination team ask as part of the manifestation determination?
Under IDEA and state special education law, the manifestation determination team must ask:
- Was the student’s conduct caused by, or did it have a direct and substantial relationship to, the student’s disability?
- Was the conduct the direct result of the school district’s failure to implement the current IEP?
If after consideration the manifestation determination team determines that the answer is “YES” to either of the above questions, then the behavior must be considered a manifestation of the student’s disability and the discipline cannot be imposed. The student must be allowed to return to the educational placement they attended prior to the disciplinary removal unless special circumstances exist or unless the parent and the district agree otherwise. If it is determined the student’s behavior was the direct result of the district’s failure to implement the student’s IEP, the district must take immediate steps to ensure the IEP is implemented.
In some cases, a student may be acting out because the services or programs outlined in the IEP are inappropriate, even though the IEP is being implemented. IDEA does not prevent the parents or advocate from also asking that the manifestation determination team consider whether the IEP was appropriate at the time the behavior occurred. In addition, you can always ask for another meeting with the IEP Team and request that the IEP Team change the IEP or your student’s placement because your student needs additional services or a different educational setting to be successful.
Weapons, Drugs, Serious Bodily Injury, Dangerous Behavior, and Interim Alternative Educational Settings
There are four special circumstances in which a student receiving special education services can be removed from their current placement immediately, and for up to 45 school days regardless of whether the behavior was a manifestation of the student’s disability. They include when the disciplinary incident involves weapons, drugs or serious bodily injury.
The district can ask a judge to order the student removed for up to 45 school days.
No matter how or why the student is removed from school, students who receive special education services must continue to get educational services in an alternative setting. This alternative setting is called an interim alternative education setting or IAES. The IEP Team determines the interim setting.
Guns/weapons |
District may remove student to an IAES for up to 45 school days |
Drugs |
District may remove student to an IAES for up to 45 school days |
Serious Bodily Injury |
District may remove student to an IAES for up to 45 school days |
Dangerous Behavior |
District may ask a judge to remove a student to an IAES for up to 45 school days |
What can happen to a student who receives special education services if the student brings a weapon to school?
A district can remove a student to another educational setting for up to 45 school days if the student possesses a weapon or carries a weapon to school or to a school function. “Weapon” means a weapon, device, material, or substance, or animate or inanimate instrument that is used for, or is readily capable of, causing death or serious bodily injury. A weapon does not include a pocketknife with a blade of less 2 ½ inches long. Note: this is a different definition of weapon than the definition used in general education discipline laws and regulations.
What can happen to a student receiving special education services who has, uses, or sells drugs at school?
A district can remove the student to another educational setting for up to 45 school days if the student knowingly possesses or uses illegal drugs or sells or solicits the sale of a controlled substance while at school or a school function.
What can happen to a student receiving special education services who causes serious bodily harm to another person?
IDEA added a fourth category of misconduct which could lead a school to remove a student receiving special education services to an IAES. A district can remove a student to another educational setting for up to 45 school days if the student has inflicted serious bodily injury on another person while at school or at a school function. “Serious bodily injury” means bodily injury which involves:
- a substantial risk of death,
- extreme physical pain,
- protracted and obvious disfigurement or,
- protracted loss or impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ or mental faculty.
What can a district do when it believes a student’s behavior is dangerous?
The district’s authority to automatically remove a student to an Interim Alternative Educational Setting (IAES) is limited to situations where there are drugs, weapons or serious bodily injury involved. If the district believes a student is engaging in dangerous behavior for another reason and wants to remove the student from the current special education program, the school needs to request a due process hearing and ask the hearing officer to order the student to an IAES for up to 45 school days. A hearing officer has the authority to change a student’s placement for 45 school days if maintaining the current placement is substantially likely to result in injury to the student or to others.
If the school district is successful in getting the hearing officer to order the student out of school, the district still has a responsibility to provide the student with an education.
Where you can have an impact
Review the IEP. Consider whether the proposed 45-day placement is a setting that can meet your student’s needs. If not, ask the IEP Team to consider additional services or a different setting.
Limitations on Discipline and Removal of Students with Disabilities
When considering whether to discipline a student with a disability, a district must first comply with the steps outlined in the previous section— notice, manifestation determination and examination of the functional behavior. If the relevant members of the IEP Team decide the behavior was not a manifestation of the disability, the district may proceed with disciplining the student. But there are limitations on how the district can discipline students receiving special education services.
How long can a student receiving special education services be removed from school without educational services?
See important changes in discipline laws at the start of this web page.
Schools can order removals of less than 10 school days in the same school year for separate incidents of misconduct if the removals do not constitute a pattern of exclusion which is a change of placement and needs to be addressed through the IEP process. A series of removals—one day here, another day there—can be a pattern the IEP needs to address. To determine whether a series of removals is a pattern, consider the length of removals, the total amount of time, the proximity of one to the other, and the reason for the removals.
What educational services should be provided to a student who receives special education services if the student is removed from school for more than 10 school days in the same school year?
The school must continue to provide the services and program described in the student’s IEP, even if the student is suspended or expelled from school.
During any exclusion from school for more than 10 school days in the same school year, the school district must provide another educational setting where the student’s IEP can be implemented. The setting should be one allowing the student to participate in the general education curriculum and to progress towards achieving the goals set out in the IEP.
For example, if the student has goals and objectives to help improve social skills with peers, the alternative setting should allow opportunities and instruction for those peer interactions. A tutoring program at home is not enough. The alternative setting should also include services and modifications designed to address the behavior that resulted in the removal, so the behavior does not recur. The IEP Team makes the decision on what setting is appropriate if the removal is for more than 10 consecutive school days or constitutes a change of placement.
Where you can have an impact
Keep track of the number of days your student has been out of school. See important changes in discipline laws at the start of this webpage. Request educational services in an alternative setting.
Put your request in writing.
Protections for Students with Disabilities Who Have Not Been Found Eligible for Special Education
What are my student’s rights if they may have a disability but weren’t evaluated or found eligible for special education before being disciplined?
In some cases, students can get the same protections they would have had if they had been eligible for special education services before the disciplinary incident.
If you think your student may have a disability and your student is being disciplined but they have not yet been found eligible for special education services, then ask this question:
“Did the district know my student should have been evaluated or should have been receiving special education services?”
A student can get all of the protections for students receiving special education services if the district had knowledge of the student’s disability before the behavior resulting in disciplinary action.
What constitutes whether a district “had knowledge” of my student’s disability as described in the law?
Under IDEA and state special education law, the district had knowledge if:
- The parent expressed concerns in writing to supervisory, administrative staff of the district, or the teacher, that the student was in need of special education and related services or,
- The parent has specifically requested an evaluation of the student or,
- The student’s teacher has expressed specific concerns about the behavior or performance of the student to the district’s special education director or other special education supervisory personnel.
When can a district argue it did not have knowledge that my student had a disability before the behavior resulting in discipline occurred?
School districts are not considered to have knowledge of a student’s disability if the parent has refused a special education evaluation or special education services or if the student was evaluated and not found to be a student with a disability.
What if the district did not have knowledge of my student’s disability before the behavior resulting in discipline?
An evaluation can still be requested.
If you suspect your student has a disability but the district did not have knowledge of the disability, a request can still be made for an evaluation to see if your student is eligible for and needs special education services. This request for evaluation can take place during the time your student is out of school on the expulsion or suspension.
What if a request for evaluation is made during the time that my student is being disciplined?
The law requires the evaluation to take place quickly.
If an evaluation is requested during a period of disciplinary exclusion, the law requires the evaluation to be completed in an expedited or quick manner. It does not matter if the district knew about the disability previously. There is no set timeline in the law for completion of this expedited evaluation. It can probably be assumed that expedited means more quickly than the amount of time allowed when an evaluation is being done under normal circumstances when discipline is not an issue. Under the normal special education procedures, the district has 35 school days to complete the evaluation after receiving parental consent.
What if my child is found eligible for special education during the time they are suspended or expelled?
If a student is found eligible during the period of removal from school, the school district must start providing special education and related services.
What to do if Students with Disabilities are Wrongly Disciplined
What kind of things might indicate my student with disabilities is being wrongly disciplined?
There are several things to watch out for.
There are a variety of ways a student with a disability may be wrongly disciplined. Some examples are:
- Notice was not given.
- There are no IEP meetings to discuss functional behavior or a manifestation determination for a change in placement.
- The functional behavior was never properly examined when problems first arose.
- A behavior intervention plan was not put in place to deal with the student’s behavior in a good way.
- The manifestation determination was not done correctly:
- The right questions were not considered.
- The decision was not based on enough data.
- The group making the decision was not made up of the right people.
- The decision the behavior was not related to the disability seems wrong.
- If discipline is imposed:
- It is too harsh for the behavior.
- It is longer than 10 school days in a row.
- It is more than 10 school days over time and it looks like a pattern that excludes the student from their IEP.
- It is for 45 school days and the incident did not involve drugs, weapons or serious bodily injury, or it was not imposed by a hearing officer at a discipline hearing.
- The student did not behave in the way the district says he or she behaved.
What can be done if my student with disabilities is being wrongly disciplined?
Your student can assert all the rights of a non-disabled student, as well as rights under special education law.
Students with disabilities can ask for both a special education due process hearing and a general education discipline hearing. Note there are limitations on who may ask for a special education due process hearing.
Think of these two procedures as two parallel roads running side by side. There can be cars traveling on both, perhaps at different speeds, but both going the same direction. It is the same when both a discipline and special education hearing are being scheduled. The two hearings are addressing some of the same issues, but they may not be directly related.
In most cases, if a special education matter is being pursued, the district should stop the general education discipline hearing process and resolve the special education issues before going on with the general discipline proceedings.
Ordinarily, if a special education due process hearing is requested, the student has a right to remain in their special education program until the hearing is resolved. This right is called “STAY PUT” and it refers to the student’s legal right to stay in the current educational program until a decision is made in the due process hearing. Despite stay put, the district may try to have the student removed through a separate court action or hearing.
There is a new and important exception to this rule under IDEA. If the parent requests a hearing to contest the discipline and 1) the student is in an interim alternative educational setting due to special circumstances (weapons, drugs, serious bodily injury or dangerous behavior) or 2) the student is in an interim alternative educational setting because the student’s behavior was not found to be related to the disability at the manifestation meeting, the student must remain in the IAES until the hearing officer makes a decision or until the end of the disciplinary removal, whichever comes first. (The parent and the district can agree otherwise.)
However, the school district must arrange for the hearing to take place within 20 school days of the request, and the hearing officer must make a decision within 10 school days of the hearing. In addition, a resolution session must take place within 7 calendar days of the request for a hearing unless the district and parent agree in writing to waive this process.
Where you can have an impact
Students with disabilities have all the rights given to general education students who are disciplined.
Review the Office of the Education Ombuds’ webpage Discipline, Suspensions and Expulsions to learn more about challenging general education discipline.
Make sure you request a general education discipline hearing within the timelines stated in the discipline notice. You can cancel the hearing if the situation is resolved through the special education process.
If your student is eligible for special education services and is out of school for more than 10 school days, even for discipline reasons, the district must provide services to implement your student’s IEP. If a hearing has been requested and your student is out of school while waiting for the decision, be sure to remind the district of this obligation. You may not be able to assert “stay put” and have your child return to the educational placement, but they should not sit at home without any services in place!
Behavior Charged as a Crime
Can the school district call the police when a student with a disability gets in trouble?
Yes, schools may report crimes committed by students with disabilities and non-disabled students.
What if the incident is filed as a crime?
If the misconduct at school is referred to juvenile court and is charged as a crime, the youth will have either a public defender or other criminal defense attorney to advise and represent them on these charges. A youth who has been charged with a crime as a result of alleged misbehavior at school should immediately consult with a criminal defense attorney before discussing their school discipline case. For example, it may not be a good idea for the youth to make statements in a school discipline or due process hearing if the criminal matter has not been resolved. Those statements could be used against the youth in the criminal case.
The defense attorney should also be made aware of any disabilities that might affect whether the youth should be charged. For example, if the young person has a very low I.Q., the court may decide it isn’t right to take care of the matter in juvenile court.
Conclusion
All students are entitled to an education that helps prepare them for life. If students are disabled in some way, they may have a right to a vast array of services and accommodations to help them succeed. If your student needs more help than they are getting in school, advocate for special education services.
Students with disabilities also cannot be punished in school for behavior related to or the result of a disability. School districts must follow specific rules when seeking to punish a student with a disability. Notice of the intent to discipline must be given, the behavior must be examined and planned for, and a team of people must determine whether the behavior was related to the disability.
Even if the concerning behavior is not related to the disability, there are significant limits on how a student with a disability can be disciplined. Students with disabilities have strong protections under the law ensuring they will not unnecessarily lose their right to education.
Transition Services for Students with Disabilities (Ages 16-22)
Transition Services for Students with Disabilities (Ages 16-22) stephaniePTransition Services for Students with Disabilities (Ages 16-22)
Students receiving special education should begin to have a transition plan at age 16 or before. The transition plan becomes a part of the student’s Individualized Educational Plan (IEP) and is designed to help the student move from high school to life and career beyond its walls. These transition plans can look different in different districts because of community supports and opportunities. However, the transition services should be based on the individual student’s needs and strengths and include programs and supports that will foster the student’s independence after high school. Students have the right to an education and continued transition services until their 22nd birthday. Students with disabilities should be invited to be a part of this planning.
Understanding the Process for Implementing Transition Services:
Good transition plans are a partnership involving the student, family, school, community, employers, and others. Good transition plans are student-centered and use present needs to anticipate the best supports for future needs.
When should the team develop a transition plan?
No later than the IEP that is in effect when the student turns 16, or as early as age 14 if appropriate for the student.
What information is required to be in an IEP focused on transition?
Here are some of the basic components of an IEP:
- The student’s present levels of academic achievement and functional performance.
- Measurable annual goals. With transition, these goals need to be tied to the postsecondary plan.
- How the school district will measure the student’s progress towards meeting annual goals, including when and how often the school district will provide periodic progress reports.
- Specially designed instruction, related services, program modifications, supplementary aids and services, and staff supports.
- How much the student will be included in the general education classroom and with nondisabled peers in extracurricular and nonacademic activities.
- Approved accommodations for the student that will help with taking state and district assessments and measuring the student’s academic progress and achievement. If the IEP team decides that the student needs to take an alternate assessment instead of a general one, the team should also explain why they made that choice and why the alternate assessment is appropriate.
- Extended school year (ESY) services for the student, if the student shows regression or loss of information learned.
- The projected date for the beginning of the services and modifications described within the IEP, as well as the anticipated frequency, location, and duration of those services and modifications.
These components are part of IEPs, in general, but as the student progresses through high school, the student’s IEP should reflect the ongoing transition and identify the partnerships and resources that will support those goals.
The Importance of Planning in Transition IEPs:
In planning, the IEP team should focus on designing instructional programs and supports that meet the student’s interests and needs for life after high school. Student voice is critical. Having a strong start in the student’s teens forms a pattern of success that can make future transitions easier, such as employment, post-secondary education, and inclusion in the community. Effective transition services help the student identify and navigate future opportunities and challenges. Families, teachers, and community leaders offer different, valuable perspectives on how to ensure a successful transition. Transition provides a time for them to come together to send the student into the postsecondary world with good tools, strategies, and expectations.
What to Look for in a Transition Plan within an IEP:
Annual IEP Goals
Annual goals are what the team expects the student to accomplish reasonably within the next year. Goals should be observable and measurable. As the student gets older, the team should tie these goals increasingly to the student’s exit from high school and the postsecondary goals.
Measurable Postsecondary Goals
Like the IEP goals that the student has, the postsecondary goals in the transition plan must be based on assessments (formal and informal) to determine the student’s needs, strengths, and interests. There is no one-size-fits-all transition plan. The goals, like other IEP goals, should be data-driven and responsive to the progress that the student is making and new needs that arise. The team needs to revisit them annually or earlier, as appropriate.
Transition Services
The team should base transition services on an evaluation of the student’s needs and the student’s readiness. The team then tries to determine which programs and services will support the student toward reaching greater independence and their vision of success for the future. Teams should not base services on what is available only, but also need to consider the student’s needs. Meeting the student’s needs and goals might involve bringing in new community partners or coordinating activities between schools and community agencies to move successfully from school to postsecondary living.
Course of Study
A course of study is a current description of coursework and/or activities to achieve the student's desired post- secondary goals, from the student's current IEP through the student’s anticipated graduation or exit year.
Agency Collaboration
Transition services are results-oriented partnerships. Schools often collaborate with the Developmental Disabilities Administration (https://www.dshs.wa.gov/dda), local Developmental Disabilities Divisions, the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation (https://www.dshs.wa.gov/dvr), colleges and universities, and other community agencies.
Resources:
- OEO’s website Education Topic - Supports for Students with Disabilities:
- The Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction (OSPI) also has resources for families:
- For dispute resolution options, look at:
- For data about students with disabilities and transition in Washington, see the Center for Change in Transition Services:
Paglutas ng Di-pagkakaunawaan sa Espesyal na Edukasyon
Paglutas ng Di-pagkakaunawaan sa Espesyal na Edukasyon Brittni.Thomps…Paglutas ng Di-pagkakaunawaan sa Espesyal na Edukasyon
Na-update noong Hunyo, 2024
Ano ang puwede kong gawin upang malutas ang di-pagkakaunawaan sa distrito ng paaralan?
Makipagpulong sa distrito, humiling ng pamamagitan, magreklamo o magpatala para sa isang pagdinig ukol sa due process.
Habang itinataguyod ang kapakanan ng iyong estudyanteng may kapansanan, maaaring hindi kayo magkasundo ng distrito ng paaralan. Hangga't maaari, makabubuti kung susubukan mong lutasin ang problema sa tulong ng pakikipag-usap sa mga miyembro ng Pangkat para sa Individualized Education Program (IEP, Pang-indibidwal na Programa sa Edukasyon) o iba pang opisyal sa distrito ng paaralan. Kung hindi gagana ang diskarteng iyon, may ilang pamamaraang itinakda ang batas para sa paglutas ng mga di-pagkakaunawaan.
Mayroong mga pormal na proseso ng pagrereklamo, pamamagitan, at mga pagdinig ukol sa due process na nakalaan para sa mga magulang at paaralan upang malutas ang mga di-pagkakaunawaan tungkol sa espesyal na edukasyon, kasama na rito ang mga di-pagkakasundo tungkol sa:
- Pagkilala sa isang estudyante bilang may kapansanan
- Paggawa ng ebalwasyon sa isang estudyante
- Paghahatid ng mga serbisyo para sa espesyal na edukasyon
- Pagsasalugar sa paaralan ng isang bata.
Mga Reklamo
Mayroong dalawang pormal na proseso ng pagrereklamo na magagamit kung may di-pagkakasundo tungkol sa programa sa espesyal na edukasyon (Individuals with Disability Education Act (IDEA, Batas sa Edukasyon ng mga Indibidwal na may Kapansanan) o 504) ng isang estudyante.
- Reklamo ng Komunidad para sa Espesyal na Edukasyon sa Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction ng Estado ng Washington.
Ano ang Reklamo ng Komunidad para sa Espesyal na Edukasyon?
Ang Reklamo ng Komunidad para sa Espesyal na Edukasyon, na dating tinatawag na Reklamo ng Mamamayan, ay isang paraan upang malutas ang mga di-pagkakasundo sa pagitan ng mga estudyante at distrito sa tulong ng isang panlabas na ahensiya. Ang mga reklamo ng komunidad ay dapat ihain sa Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction (OSPI, Tanggapan ng Tagapamahala ng Pagtuturo sa Publiko) kapag naniniwala ang isang tao na nilabag ng isang pang-edukasyong entidad (kasama na rito ang estado, isang distrito ng paaralan, o isang pampubliko o pribadong paaralan) ang mga kinakailangan sa IDEA o mga regulasyon sa espesyal na edukasyon ng estado.
Sino ang puwedeng maghain ng Reklamo ng Komunidad para sa Espesyal na Edukasyon?
Ang sinumang tao o organisasyon ay puwedeng magrehistro ng reklamo sa Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Ano ang mga kinakailangan para sa Reklamo ng Komunidad para sa Espesyal na Edukasyon?
Ang reklamo ay dapat:
- Nakasulat
- May lagda ng taong nagrereklamo
- May kasamang pahayag na nilabag ng pang-edukasyong entidad ang batas para sa espesyal na edukasyon sa loob ng nakaraang taon
- Nagpapahayag sa mga katotohanan tungkol sa paglabag
- Naglilista sa pangalan at address ng taong nagrereklamo at
- Naglilista sa pangalan at address ng pang-edukasyong entidad.
Kung ang reklamo ay tungkol sa isang partikular na estudyante, dapat ding isama sa reklamo ang:
-
- Pangalan ng estudyante
- Pangalan ng distrito ng paaralan ng estudyante
- Paglalarawan sa isyung nakaaapekto sa estudyante
- Panukalang resolusyon sa problema.
Saan makikita ang form para sa Reklamo ng Komunidad?
Gumawa ang OSPI ng opsiyonal na form na magagamit kapag naghahain ng Reklamo ng Komunidad para sa Espesyal na Edukasyon. Makikita ang form sa: https://ospi.k12.wa.us/student-success/special-education/dispute-resolution/file-community-complaint
Saan ka puwedeng makagawa ng epekto?
Kapag gumawa ka ng reklamo ng komunidad, siguruhing babantayan mo nang mabuti ang mga iskedyul. Kung mabibigo ang OSPI o ang pang-edukasyong entidad na kumilos sa loob ng angkop na panahon, may batayan ka upang maghain ng isa pang reklamo.
Siguruhing isasama mo sa iyong reklamo ang may kinalamang talaan ng paaralan na may mga pahinang de-numero upang mas madaling magamit ang talaan bilang sanggunian
Ano ang mangyayari pagkatapos maihain ang Reklamo ng Komunidad para sa Espesyal na Edukasyon?
Kapag natanggap na ng OSPI ang reklamo, dapat itong magpadala ng kopya ng reklamo sa distrito ng paaralan. Sa loob ng 20 araw sa kalendaryo mula nang matanggap ang reklamo, dapat siyasatin ng distrito ng paaralan ang reklamo at magpadala ng nakasulat na sagot sa OSPI. Magpapadala sa iyo ang OSPI ng kopya ng sagot ng distrito ng paaralan. Pagkatapos, magkakaroon ka ng opsiyong magsumite ng karagdagang impormasyon tungkol sa reklamo.
Sa loob ng 60 araw sa kalendaryo, dapat gumawa ang OSPI ng independiyente at nakasulat na pagpapasya kung lumalabag ang pang-edukasyong entidad sa pederal o pang-estadong batas para sa espesyal na edukasyon. Kasama dapat sa pagpapasya ang mga natuklasang katotohanan at makatwirang hakbang na kailangan upang malutas ang reklamo. Puwede pang mapalawig ang iskedyul na ito kung:
1) may umiiral na mga pambihirang sitwasyon kaugnay ng reklamo o
2) nagkasundo ang nagrereklamo at ang pang-edukasyong entidad sa isang sulat na palawigin pa ang iskedyul upang magkaroon ng pamamagitan o gumamit ng iba pang pamamaraan sa paglutas ng di-pagkakaunawaan.
Pagkatapos, dapat sundin ng distrito ng paaralan ang mga iskedyul na nakalagay sa nakasulat na pagpapasya ng OSPI upang maisagawa ang anumang inirerekomendang pangwastong kilos. Kung hindi makasusunod ang distrito ng paaralan, puwedeng itigil ng OSPI ang pagpopondo sa distrito o mag-atas ng iba pang mga resolusyon.
Kung mapagpapasyahang nabigo ang distrito ng paaralan na magbigay ng mga angkop na serbisyo sa isang estudyanteng may mga kapansanan, ang OSPI ay dapat:
- Magpasya kung paano makababawi ang distrito ng paaralan para sa pagtanggi sa mga serbisyo, kasama na rito ang pagbabayad ng pera o paggawa ng iba pang pangwastong kilos upang matugunan ang mga pangangailangan ng estudyante
- Makatugon sa pagbibigay ng mga serbisyo sa hinaharap para sa lahat ng estudyanteng may mga kapansanan.
Saan ako puwede makakita ng iba pang impormasyon tungkol sa reklamo ng komunidad ng OSPI?
- https://ospi.k12.wa.us/student-success/special-education/dispute-resolution/file-community-complaint
- Reklamo sa Mga Karapatang Sibil sa Office of Civil Rights for the Department of Education ng Estados Unidos
Ano ang reklamo sa mga karapatang sibil?
Ang Seksiyon 504 ay isang batas laban sa diskriminasyon na naghahangad na puksain ang diskriminasyon batay sa kapansanan sa lahat ng programang tumatanggap ng mga pederal na pondo. Dahil tumatanggap ng pederal na pera ang mga pampublikong paaralan at distrito, ipinapataw sa mga ito ang mga kinakailangan para sa Seksiyon 504.
Ipinatutupad ng Office for Civil Rights (OCR, Tanggapan para sa Mga Karapatang Sibil) ng U.S. para sa Department of Education (Kagawaran ng Edukasyon) ng U.S. ang mga proteksiyon ng Seksiyon 504, at tungkulin nito na magsiyasat ng mga reklamo.
Sino ang puwedeng maghain ng reklamo sa mga karapatang sibil?
Puwedeng maghain ng reklamo ang kahit sino sa Office of Civil Rights ng U.S. sa tuwing hindi nakatatanggap ang isang estudyanteng may mga kapansanan ng benepisyong pang-edukasyon mula sa isang programa na maihahambing sa benepisyong natatanggap ng mga kaedaran niyang walang kapansanan. Ang halimbawa nito ay kapag ang isang estudyanteng may kapansanan sa pag-uugali ay sinabihang hindi siya puwedeng sumama sa mga field trip at dapat siyang manatili sa tanggapan ng punong-guro habang nasa field trip ang buong klase. Puwedeng kasama rin sa mga reklamo sa OCR ang mga isyu sa access, gaya ng kawalan ng rampa para sa isang batang naka-wheelchair o pagkabigo ng distrito na maglaan ng mga akomodasyon o serbisyong kasama dapat o kasama sa 504 plan ng isang estudyante.
Ano ang mga kinakailangan para sa reklamo sa mga karapatang sibil?
Dapat ihain ang isang reklamo sa mga karapatang sibil sa loob ng 180 araw sa kalendaryo (6 na buwan) mula sa petsa ng diskriminasyon. Kasama dapat sa reklamo ang:
► Pangalan, address, at numero ng telepono ng taong naghahain nito
► Pangalan, address, at numero ng telepono ng (mga) taong ginawan ng diskriminasyon
► Pangalan at address ng paaralan, distrito, o taong gumawa ng diskriminasyon
► Batayan ng diskriminasyon (lahi, kapansanan, bansang pinagmulan, atbp.)
► Kung kailan at saan nangyari ang diskriminasyon
► Mga katotohanan tungkol sa diskriminasyon at
► Mga kopya ng nakasulat na materyales, datos, o iba pang dokumentong sumusuporta sa reklamo.
Saan maghahain ng Reklamo sa Karapatang Sibil sa OCR?
Upang makapaghain ng reklamo sa OCR, puwede mong gamitin ang elektronikong form ng reklamo na makikita sa: https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/complaintintro.html
o sagutan ang napupunang form sa: https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/complaintform.pdf
Kung pipiliin mo mang magsagot ng napupunang form o magsulat ng iyong sariling liham, puwede mong ipadala ang iyong reklamo sa pag-email sa OCR.Seattle@ed.gov o sa pag-fax sa (206)607-1601. Puwede mo ring ipadala ang iyong reklamo sa pag-email sa:
Office for Civil Rights
U.S. Department of Education
915 2nd Avenue #3310
Seattle, WA 981074-1099.
Ano ang mangyayari pagkatapos maihain ang reklamo sa mga karapatang sibil?
Susuriin ng OCR ang impormasyon sa reklamo at magpapasya ito kung itutuloy pa o hindi ang pagproseso sa reklamo. Dapat nitong alamin kung may awtoridad itong siyasatin ang reklamo at kung naisumite o hindi ang reklamo sa tamang oras. Dapat ihain ang isang reklamo sa loob ng 180 araw sa kalendaryo pagkatapos ng petsa ng hinihinalang kilos ng diskriminasyon.
Hihilingin sa iyo ng OCR na lagdaan mo ang isang form ng pahintulot bilang bahagi ng proseso. Makikipag-ugnayan sa iyo ang OCR sa email o telepono kung hindi matatanggap ang form na ito hanggang sa ika-15 araw mula noong hiniling sa iyo na lumagda ka at ipaaalam sa iyo na may 5 ka pang araw upang lagdaan ang form. Maaari ding hilingin sa iyo na magbigay ka ng karagdagang impormasyon. Kung kailangan ng iba pang impormasyon, dapat kang bigyan ng OCR ng hindi bababa sa 20 araw upang maibigay ang hinihinging impormasyon.
Kapag tapos na ang OCR sa pagsisiyasat nito, tatanggap ka at ang distrito ng Liham tungkol sa Napag-alaman na magpapaliwanag kung may nangyari ngang paglabag batay sa ebidensiya. Kung mapag-alaman ng OCR na hindi nakasunod sa batas ang distrito, makikipag-ugnayan ito sa distrito upang alamin kung handa ang distrito na pumasok sa isang boluntaryong pakikipagkasundo bilang resolusyon. Kung hindi sang-ayon ang distrito na lutasin ang isyu, maaaring gumawa ang OCR ng dagdag pang kilos gaya ng pagdulog sa kaso sa Department of Justice (Kagawaran ng Katarungan).
Kung sa tingin mo ay nilalabag ng distrito ang karapatan ng isang estudyante para sa angkop na karanasan sa pag-aaral, pag-isipang maghain ng reklamo.
Pamamagitan
Ano ang pamamagitan?
Ang pamamagitan ay isang uri ng paglutas ng di-pagkakaunawaan. Sa ilalim ng IDEA, inaatasan ang mga estado na magbigay ng mga libreng serbisyo ng pamamagitan sa mga magulang/tagapag-alaga at distrito ng paaralan upang malutas ang mga pagtatalo tungkol sa programa sa espesyal na edukasyon ng isang estudyante.
Sa proseso ng pamamagitan, pinagsasama ang magulang o tagapag-alaga at ang isang walang kinikilingang ikatlong tao—ang tagapamagitan. Makikipagpulong ang tagapamagitan sa parehong panig upang subukang makabuo ng katanggap-tanggap na kasunduan tungkol sa mga pangangailangan sa pag-aaral ng isang estudyante. Boluntaryo ang proseso, kaya kailangang sumang-ayong lumahok ang parehong magulang o tagapag-alaga at distrito ng paaralan. Puwedeng isang mahusay na paraan ang pamamagitan upang mapabuti ang mga serbisyo para sa isang estudyante, lutasin ang pagtatalo, at ayusin ang mga ugnayan sa pagitan ng paaralan at magulang o tagapag-alaga.
Kung matagumpay ang pamamagitan, lalagda ang mga partido sa isang kasunduang may bisa sa ilalim ng batas na nagpapahayag sa resolusyon. Tungkulin ng paaralan at magulang o tagapag-alaga na tuparin ang mga tuntunin ng kasunduan. Kapag nakagawa na ng kasunduan mula sa pamamagitan, aalis na sa eksena ang tagapamagitan at wala siyang kapangyarihang puwersahin ang alinmang panig upang pagawain ng kahit ano. Kung magkakaroon ng pagtatalo sa kasunduan mula sa pamamagitan, puwedeng hangarin ng magulang o tagapag-alaga na maipatupad ito sa pang-estado o pederal na hukuman. Kung may mangyaring bago o ibang pagtatalo, puwedeng gamitin ng magulang o tagapag-alaga o distrito ang lahat ng paraan ng paglutas ng di-pagkakaunawaan na ipinaiiral sa ilalim ng batas.
Ang mga hiling para sa pamamagitan ay dapat gawin sa Sound Options. Puwede kang humiling sa isang sulat o sa telepono. Puwedeng makipag-ugnayan ang alinmang partido sa Sound Options, at sila ang makikipag-ugnayan sa kabilang partido. Puwede mong makaugnayan ang Sound Options sa 1-800-692-2540.
Tip sa Adbokasiya
Ang pagsang-ayong lumahok sa pamamagitan ay hindi makapipigil sa iyo na humiling sa ibang pagkakataon ng pagdinig ukol sa due process. Puwede mong ipahinto ang proseso ng pamamagitan kahit kailan at puwede ka pa ring humiling ng pagdinig ukol sa due process. Pero ang isang limitasyon kapag sa ibang pagkakataon pa gagawin ang pagdinig ukol sa due process ay hindi puwedeng gamitin bilang ebidensiya ang mga pag-uusap na nangyari habang nasa proseso ng pamamagitan. Gayunman, puwedeng gamitin bilang ebidensiya ang nakasulat na kasunduan mula sa pamamagitan.
Mga Pagdinig Ukol sa Due Process
Ano ang pagdinig ukol sa due process?
Ang pagdinig ukol sa due process ay isang pormal na administratibong proseso, na maihahalintulad sa paglilitis. Ang magulang o tagapag-alaga at ang distrito ng paaralan ay may kani-kaniyang pagkakataong maglahad ng mga ebidensiya at saksi at siyasatin ang mga saksing ilalahad ng kabilang panig.
Gagawa ang isang opisyal na tagapagdinig ng nakasulat na pagpapasya batay sa mga katotohanan at sa batas.
Kailangan ko ba ng abogado para sa pagdinig ukol sa due process?
Hindi, pero may karapatan kang maikatawan ng isang abogado kung nanaisin mo.
Ang magulang o tagapag-alaga ng isang estudyanteng may kapansanan ay puwedeng mapayuhan o maikatawan ng isang abogado sa isang pagdinig ukol sa due process. Hindi kinakailangang magkaroon ng abogado, at puwede kang magtagumpay sa isang pagdinig kahit na wala kang abogado. Kadalasang makabubuti kung kokonsulta sa isang abogado o iba pang taong may kaalaman na makatutulong sa paghiling at paghahanda para sa pagdinig.
Paano ako hihiling ng pagdinig ukol sa due process?
Magpadala ng nakasulat na hiling sa Office of Administrative Hearings (Tanggapan ng mga Administratibong Pagdinig) at abisuhan ang distrito ng paaralan.
Ang hiling para sa pagdinig ukol sa due process ay nakasulat at naglalaman dapat ng sumusunod na impormasyon:
- Pangalan at address ng estudyante
- Distrito at paaralang pinapasukan ng estudyante
- Distritong may tungkuling magbigay ng mga serbisyo para sa espesyal na edukasyon kung iba ito sa distritong pinapasukan ng estudyante
- Paliwanag tungkol sa mga alalahanin ng magulang
- Mga mungkahi mo para sa paglutas sa problema.
Magpadala o maghatid ng kopya ng iyong hiling sa pagdinig sa:
Office of Administrative Hearings
P.O. Box 42489
Olympia, WA 98504
Dapat mo ring ibigay sa distrito ng paaralan ang orihinal na hiling sa pagdinig na ihahatid o ipadadala sa Superintendent ng distrito ng paaralan. Huwag kalimutang magtabi ng sariling kopya!
Gumawa ang OSPI ng form para sa paghiling ng pagdinig ukol sa due process upang matulungan ang mga magulang sa paghiling ng pagdinig ukol sa due process. Makikita ang form na ito sa: https://ospi.k12.wa.us/student-success/special-education/dispute-resolution/request-due-process-hearing
Ano ang mga limitasyon para sa hiling sa pagdinig?
Ang hiling sa pagdinig ay dapat ipatungkol sa isang paglabag o isyung naganap sa loob ng nakalipas na dalawang taon. Ang hiling sa pagdinig ukol sa due process ay puwedeng ipatungkol sa isang paglabag na nangyari nang mahigit dalawang taon na ang nakalilipas kung matutugunan ang isa sa dalawang kondisyon:
- Hindi nakahiling ang magulang ng pagdinig ukol sa due process sa loob ng dalawang taon dahil di-wastong ipinahayag ng distrito ng paaralan na nalutas na nito ang problema
O
- Hindi nakahiling ang magulang ng pagdinig ukol sa due process sa loob ng dalawang taon dahil hindi ibinigay ng distrito ng paaralan ang impormasyong naibahagi dapat nito alinsunod sa batas.
Napakahalagang matalakay sa isang hiling sa pagdinig ang lahat ng posibleng isyu at alalahaning mayroon ang isang magulang. Kapag natanggap na ang hiling, puwede lang itong baguhin kung sasang-ayon ang distrito ng paaralan sa isang sulat o kung sasang-ayon ang opisyal na tagapagdinig na puwede itong amyendahan, at kung magsisimula ulit ang mga iskedyul para sa sesyon ng resolusyon (tingnan sa ibaba).
Gayundin, sa ilalim ng IDEA, ang mga isyu lang na idinulong sa hiling sa pagdinig o sa isang pag-amyenda sa hiling ang puwedeng tugunan sa pagdinig ukol sa due process maliban kung sasang-ayon ang kabilang partido. Bagaman hindi mo kinakailangang magkaroon ng abogado upang humiling ng pagdinig ukol sa due process, maaaring makatulong kung kokonsulta sa isang abogado kapag dina-draft ang hiling sa pagdinig ukol sa due process upang siguruhing maidudulog ang lahat ng iyong alalahanin.
Ano ang mangyayari pagkatapos kong magsumite ng hiling para sa pagdinig ukol sa due process?
Dapat sumagot ang distrito ng paaralan.
Sa loob ng 10 araw sa kalendaryo mula nang matanggap ang reklamo ng magulang, dapat itong sagutin ng distrito ng paaralan. Dapat ipaliwanag ng distrito ng paaralan kung bakit nito ginawa ang kilos na ginawa nito, kung anupamang ibang opsiyon ang isinaalang-alang ng IEP Team at kung bakit tinanggihan ang mga ito, ang paglalarawan sa impormasyong pinagbatayan ng distrito sa pagpapasya nito at impormasyon tungkol sa anupamang ibang salik na may kinalaman sa pagpapasya ng distrito. Hindi kailangan ng distrito ng paaralan na sumagot kung nagpadala na ito ng paunang nakasulat na abiso sa magulang tungkol sa paksa ng reklamo.
Ano ang sesyon para sa resolusyon?
Ang sesyon para sa resolusyon ay isang pulong na nagaganap pagkatapos humiling ng pagdinig ukol sa due process, pero bago ganapin ang pagdinig ukol sa due process.
Sa loob ng 15 araw sa kalendaryo mula nang matanggap ang hiling sa pagdinig ukol sa due process mula sa magulang, dapat magpatawag ang distrito ng paaralan ng isang pulong kasama ang magulang, mga may kinalamang miyembro ng IEP Team, at isang kinatawan ng distrito ng paaralan na may awtoridad na magpasya. Hindi puwedeng magsama ng abogado ang distrito ng paaralan sa pulong na ito maliban kung may abogado rin ang magulang. Ang hangarin sa pagpupulong na ito ay upang matalakay ang reklamo at malaman kung puwedeng mapagkasunduan ang isyu kahit wala nang pagdinig ukol sa due process.
Kung magkakasundo ang magulang at ang distrito ng paaralan sa sesyon para sa resolusyon, dapat silang lumagda sa isang kasunduang may bisa sa ilalim ng batas na maipatutupad sa hukuman. Ang distrito ng paaralan o ang magulang ay mayroong tatlong araw ng negosyo upang magbago ng isip at kanselahin ang kasunduan.
Dapat isagawa ang sesyon para sa resolusyon maliban kung parehong sasang-ayon ang magulang at ang distrito ng paaralan sa isang sulat na isusuko nila ang pulong o magkakaroon na lang ng pamamagitan.
Gaano katagal ang proseso ng pagdinig ukol sa due process?
Ang distrito ng paaralan ay may 30 araw sa kalendaryo mula sa panahong natanggap nito ang reklamo upang subukang lutasin ang isyu ayon sa ikasisiya ng magulang habang nasa proseso ng resolusyon. Kung hindi ito gagawin ng distrito sa loob ng 30 araw sa kalendaryo, mag-uumpisa na ang mga iskedyul ng pagdinig ukol sa due process. Dapat isagawa ang pagdinig at makapagpasya sa loob ng 45 araw sa kalendaryo.
Ang panahon ng resolusyon na binubuo ng 30 araw sa kalendaryo ay babaguhin kung mangyayari ang isa sa mga sumusunod:
- Sasang-ayon ang parehong partido sa isang sulat na iwawaksi nila ang sesyon para sa resolusyon
- Pagkatapos ng pamamagitan o sesyon para sa resolusyon, sasang-ayon ang parehong partido sa isang sulat na imposibleng magkaroon ng kasunduan o
- Sumang-ayon ang mga partido na lumahok sa pamamagitan nang lampas na sa 30 araw na sesyon para sa resolusyon at umalis sa pamamagitan ang isang partido. Sa mga ganoong sitwasyon, agad na mag-uumpisa ang iskedyul na binubuo ng 45 araw sa kalendaryo.
Ang panahong itatagal ng mismong pagdinig ay dedepende sa kung ano ang mga isyu at kung gaano katagal aabutin ang paglalahad sa kaso para sa magkabilang panig.
Napakahalaga ng sesyon para sa resolusyon. Kung hindi handa ang isang magulang na lumahok sa sesyon para sa resolusyon, maaantala ang mga iskedyul para sa pulong para sa resolusyon at pagdinig ukol sa due process hanggang sa isagawa na ang pulong. Bukod pa rito, maaaring hilingin ng distrito ng paaralan sa isang opisyal na tagapagdinig sa pagtatapos ng 30 araw na panahon ng resolusyon na balewalain ang hiling sa pagdinig ukol sa due process ng magulang kung tatanggi ang magulang na lumahok sa pulong para sa resolusyon. Sa kabilang banda, kung mabibigo ang distrito ng paaralan na mag-iskedyul ng pulong para sa resolusyon sa loob ng 15 araw mula nang matanggap ang hiling sa pagdinig, maaaring hilingin ng magulang sa opisyal na tagapagdinig na agad nang umpisahan ang 45 araw na panahon ng pagdinig ukol sa due process.
Mga Iskedyul ng Pagdinig Ukol sa Due Process
Hihiling ang magulang ng pagdinig ukol sa due process sa isang sulat |
Sasagot ang distrito sa loob ng 10 araw sa kalendaryo |
Mag-iiskedyul ang distrito ng sesyon para sa resolusyon sa loob ng 15 araw sa kalendaryo, maliban kung isusuko ito sa isang sulat |
Kung hindi malulutas sa sesyon para sa resolusyon ang reklamo sa loob ng 30 araw sa kalendaryo, magpapatuloy ang pagdinig ukol sa due process at pagpapasyahan ang pagdinig sa loob ng 45 araw sa kalendaryo |
Ano ang ibig sabihin ng “pananatili?” Saang paaralan papasok ang aking estudyante kapag humiling ako ng pagdinig?
Ang pananatili ay isang terminong ginagamit sa IDEA upang ilarawan kung saang paaralan papasok ang isang estudyante kapag humiling ng pagdinig. Kung hihiling ng pagdinig, magkakaroon ang estudyante ng karapatang patuloy na matanggap ang kaniyang individualized education program sa dati pa ring lugar hanggang sa matapos na ang pagdinig at mapagpasyahan na ito. Mayroong ilang eksepsiyon sa pananatili na ipinapataw kapag dinidisiplina ang mga estudyanteng may mga kapansanan.
Ano ang makakamit sa pagdinig ukol sa due process para sa aking estudyante?
Puwedeng maatasan ang distrito na magbigay ng mga serbisyo, bigyan ang estudyante ng edukasyong pangkompensasyon, at bayaran ang mga legal na bayarin ng magulang.
Ang isang pagdinig ukol sa due process ay makatutulong sa estudyante na makuha ang mga angkop na serbisyo at makabawi para sa edukasyong nawala dahil sa mga pagkabigo ng distrito. Puwedeng makatulong ang isang opisyal na tagapagdinig na malutas ang mga di-pagkakasundo tungkol sa kalipikasyon ng isang estudyante, IEP, mga pagbabago sa mga lugar ng pag-aaral, at ebalwasyon at pag-uulit ng ebalwasyon.
Puwede ring mag-atas ang opisyal na tagapagdinig ng edukasyong pangkompensasyon, na ang ibig sabihin ay dapat magbigay ang distrito ng mga serbisyo upang makabawi para sa mga panahon o pagkakataong nawala dahil sa mga pagkabigo ng distrito. Halimbawa, maaaring iatas sa distrito na bayaran ang paglahok ng estudyante sa isang kurso sa kolehiyong pangkomunidad, magtalaga ng tutor bukod pa sa programa ng espesyal na edukasyon, o maglaan ng mga summer program, kahit na hindi kalipikado ang estudyante para sa mga serbisyo ng pinalawig na taong pampaaralan.
Ang mga hiling para sa edukasyong pangkompensasyon ay kailangang may kinalaman sa mga layunin at mithiin ng IEP. Maging malikhain kapag humihiling ng mga serbisyo para sa edukasyong pangkompensasyon. Isipin kung ano ang gustong gawin ng estudyante (sining, musika, agham, atbp.) at magmungkahi ng programa o mga serbisyong nagbibigay ng mga ganitong karanasan.
Kung mananalo ka sa pagdinig, maaaring kailangan ng distrito na bayaran ang mga gastusing naipon mo para sa pagdinig at ang mga bayaring sinisingil ng abogado upang maikatawan ka. Itala ang mga gastusing naipon mo sa paghahanda para sa pagdinig.
Special Education Links and Resources
Special Education Links and Resources Anonymous (not verified)Last updated December 2021
Information and Support for Navigating Special Education Services and Resolving Concerns
OEO is one of many places in Washington State where students, families, community professionals, educators and others can find information and support in understanding special education services and resolving conflicts or concerns.
The resources on this page include links to community organizations, associations and state agencies providing individualized information and supports on special education matters at no cost to students and families. This graphic illustrates the range of supports from informal to formal.
- Community Based Organizations
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- Open Doors for Multicultural Families
- Washington PAVE
- Local Chapters of The Arc of Washington
- Washington State Parent to Parent Support Programs and Washington State Parent Coalitions
- Roots of Inclusion
- Special Education Advocates League SEAL
- Treehouse for Kids (supports for youth in foster care)
- Washington Autism Alliance
- Washington Education Association’s Special Education Support Center merged with OSPI to become Inclusionary Practices Technical Assistance Network
- Behavioral and Mental Health Focused supports, including Peer Partners
- State Agency Resources for Navigating Special Education
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Washington State Governor’s Office of the Education Ombuds (OEO).
Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction (OSPI).
State Education Agency responsible for oversight of implementation of special education in Washington State.
- OSPI Special Education Parent Liaison information and informal facilitation of concerns
- Investigation and resolution of formal written special education complaints “Community Complaints”.
- Mediation and IEP Meeting Facilitation provided through contract with Sound Options Mediation Group.
- Due Process hearing request forms and information.
Department of Children Youth & Families (DCYF) Foster Care Regional Education Leads
Developmental Disabilities Administration (DDA) Developmental Disabilities Administration (DDA) | DSHS
Division of Vocational Rehabilitation (DVR) Division of Vocational Rehabilitation | DSHS
- Legal Advice and Representation
-
Legal Assistance List maintained by OAH:
- https://www.k12.wa.us/sites/default/files/public/specialed/disputeresolution/pubdocs/LegalReferralList.pdf (includes contact information for Northwest Justice Project (civil legal aid) and private attorneys).
Other organizations providing free legal advice and representation to eligible students or families on special education or other education related matters: Check each for specific eligibility requirements.
- Disability Rights Washington (DRW), https://www.disabilityrightswa.org/
- TeamChild, https://teamchild.org/
- Legal Counsel for Youth & Children, (LCYC), https://lcycwa.org/
- Washington Medical Legal Partnership, http://www.washingtonmlp.org/ (in partnership with the Northwest Justice Project)