장애 학생 지원

장애 학생 지원 stephanieP

장애 학생 지원

장애 학생들은 모든 지역사회 학교에서 함께하고 있습니다.   일생 동안 우리 20%, 5 1명은 일종의 장애를 겪게 됩니다.

모든 장애 학생은 교육에 대한 평등한 접근 보장받고 차별 받지 않을 권리가 있습니다. 학생이 가지고 있는 장애의 성격과 해당 장애가 학교에서 해당 학생의 학업에 미치는 영향에 따라, 학교는 학생이 학교 수업에 동등한 권한을 가지고 참여할 있도록 편의 시설, 변경, 특수 설계 교육 또는 기타 지원을 제공해야 있습니다.

특정 학생이 장애가 있으며 편의 시설이나 전문 교육이 필요하다고 판단될 경우 해당 교육구에 평가 요청할 있습니다.

장애 학생을 위한 IEP, 재활법 504, 평가 보호 조치에 대한 자세한 정보는 다음과 같습니다.

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Introduction to Special Education

Introduction to Special Education stephanieP

Introduction

Updated June 2024

Is your student having a difficult time in school? If your student has a disability, or you suspect they have special learning needs, there is help available. All children and youth between the ages of 3 and 22 who have an impairment interfering with their ability to learn can be eligible for and services to help them achieve a meaningful education.

3 Quick Tips

  • A problem that interferes with a student's ability to learn may be considered a disability under the law.
  • Every student with a disability affecting their learning has a right to instruction that is specially designed to meet their needs, in a school environment as close to a general education classroom as possible.
  • Students cannot be punished for behavior as a result of their disabilities.

When it comes to discipline, students with disabilities who are eligible for special education services are also entitled to unique protections that are more extensive than the protections applied to general education students. While students with disabilities do have all of the same rights as other students (see the Office of the Education Ombuds' webpage on Discipline, Suspensions, and Expulsions for more information) they also have additional, extensive rights protecting them in discipline situations. The law recognizes many students have disabilities that cause or at least are related to problem behavior. The law seeks to ensure that students with disabilities are not excluded from school, and their disabilities and any resulting behavior are handled in appropriate manners. To provide these protections, there are very specific limitations on how a student with a disability can be disciplined.

Why do schools have to provide services for students with disabilities?

There are federal and state laws protecting the educational rights of students with disabilities.

There are two primary laws that protect students with disabilities. The two laws are commonly referred to as “Section 504” and the “IDEA.” In 1973, the U.S. Congress passed Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, which made it illegal to discriminate against people with disabilities in programs receiving federal funds, such as public schools. Two years later, Congress passed the Education for all Handicapped Children Act. The federal law is reenacted every three years. It was most recently changed in 2004 and is now called IDEA or IDEIA (the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act). On this webpage, we refer to the law as IDEA.

In addition, in 1991, Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act, commonly referred to as the ADA. Title II of the ADA defines disability in the same manner as Section 504. When the ADA and Section 504 both apply, Section 504 is usually used because it has regulations that are more specific for schools.

Section 504 and IDEA were enacted to ensure that students with disabilities would be provided with meaningful educational experiences.

특수 교육이란 무엇인가요?

특수 교육이란 무엇인가요? stephanieP

특수 교육이란 무엇인가요?

장애란 무엇인가요?

 "장애는 인간 경험에 있어서 자연스러운 부분으로서, 그로 인해 사회에 참여하거나 사회에 기여할 개인의 권리가 결코 축소되지 않는다."

--Individuals with Disabilities Education Act(IDEA, 장애인교육법), 20 U.S.C. §1400(c)

사람들은 물론, 법률에 따라 '장애' 매우 다양하게 정의되고 있습니다.

또한 장애에 대한 문화적 관점도 매우 다양하며 장애에 대한 우리의 이해 역시 시간이 지나면서 바뀌어 왔습니다. One Out of Five: Disability History and Pride Project(5 중의 1: 장애의 역사와 자부심 프로젝트) 

자료에서 장애의 역사와 긍정적인 장애 정체성 발달에 대한 자세한 정보를 확인하십시오.

공립학교 학생의 경우, 가지 연방법, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act , 'IDEA' Rehabilitation Act(재활법) 504 , '재활법 504' 장애 학생에게 권리와 보호를 보장합니다. 법률은 장애 아동에 대해 다르게 정의하고 있습니다.

IDEA에서 장애의 정의

IDEA 대상 학생에게 Individualized Education Program(IEP, 개별화 교육 프로그램) 받을 권리를 부여합니다. '장애 아동' 평가 결과 따라, 다음에 해당되는 것으로 파악된 아동으로 정의됩니다.

  • 14개의 특정 카테고리 하나로 정의된 장애 있는 경우
  • 장애 때문에 교육적으로 부정적인 영향 받는 경우
  • 특수 교육 관련 서비스가 필요한 경우

워싱턴주에서, 장애의 카테고리와 해당 카테고리에 대한 구체적인 정의는 규정 Washington Administrative Code(워싱턴 행정법 WAC 392-172A-01035 

명시되어 있습니다.

거기에 포함된 카테고리는 다음과 같습니다.

  • 자폐
  • 시청각장애
  • 청각장애
  • 발달지체
  • 정서/행동장애
  • 난청
  • 지적장애
  • 중복장애
  • 지체장애
  • 기타 건강장애
  • 특정 학습장애
  • 발화장애 또는 언어장애
  • 외상성 뇌손상
  • 시각장애를 포함한 시각 손상

이러한 카테고리에 대한 정의는 특수 교육 규칙에 구체적으로 명시되어 있습니다. 자녀가 이러한 카테고리 하나에 해당하는 장애가 있는지 궁금하다면 구체적인 정의에 대해 검토하거나 누군가에게 함께 검토해 달라고 요청하시기 바랍니다. 정의는 WAC 392-172A-01035, 온라인 페이지 https://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=392-172A&full=true#392-172A-01035 에서 제공됩니다.

자녀가 IDEA 정의된 장애 하나를 가지고 있지만 '특수 교육' 아닌 '관련 서비스' 또는 '편의 시설' 필요로 하는 경우 해당 학생은 IEP 대상은 아니지만 재활법 504조에 따른 계획이 필요할 있습니다.

재활법 504조에서 장애의 정의

재활법 504 교육구 장애인의 차별을 금지합니다. 이를 위해 교육구는 학생이 공평하게 교육을 받는 필요한 특수 교육, 편의 시설, 서비스 또는 지원을 제공해야 합니다. 장애 학생은 다음에 해당되는 장애를 가진 학생으로 정의됩니다.

  • 다음에 해당되는 신체적 또는 정신적 장애
  • 가지 이상의 주요 일상 생활에
  • 상당한 제약을 받는 장애

재활법 504조에 대한 자세한 정보는 U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights(OCR, 미국 교육부 민권 사무실) 웹사이트의 FAQ https://www.ed.gov/laws-and-policy/civil-rights-laws/disability-discrimination/frequently-asked-questions-disability-discrimination 에서 보실 있습니다.

OCR 또한 '1973 Rehabilitation Act(재활법) 504조에 의거한 숨겨진 장애가 있는 학생의 시민권' 대한 정보도 온라인 https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/hq5269.html 으로 제공합니다 페이지에서는 다른 사람들에게는 쉽게 드러나지 않을 있지만 여전히 학교 생활에서 학생에게 영향을 미칠 있는 다양한 상태에 대한 설명을 제공합니다.

IDEA 재활법 504조는 어떠한 관련이 있나요?

Diagram of three concentric circles.  The largest circle represents all students.  Within it is a smaller circle representing 504 eligible students.  Within that is the smallest circle representing IDEA eligible students.

법에 따라 교육구는 장애 학생들에게 Free Appropriate Public Education(FAPE, 적절한 무상 공교육) 제공해야 합니다, 교육구는 장애로 인해 성공적인 학교 생활을 하는 어려움이 있는 학생들의 개별적인 필요를 충족시키기 위해 다양한 서비스를 제공해야 합니다.

504조는 '장애' 보다 광범위하게 정의하기 때문에 IDEA보다 더욱 광범위한 학생들에게 서비스를 제공합니다따라서 학생이 IDEA 자격 요건에 부합하고 IEP 대상인 경우 해당 학생은 재활법 504조에 따른 보호를 받습니다. 그러나 재활법 504조의 보호를 받고 그에 따른 계획을 제공받지만 특수 교육은 필요하지 않으며 IDEA 따른 IEP 대상에 포함되지 않는 학생들이 많습니다

법률이 연관성 있게 고려하고 있는 가지는 모든 학생들을 고려한다는 점입니다. 첫째, 해당 학생 일부는 장애가 있으며(재활법 504) 비교적 소수의 학생들은 장애가 있고 특수 교육(IDEA) 필요합니다.

위의 그림에서 원은 모든 학생들을 나타냅니다. 안에 들어간 중간 크기의 원은 장애가 있고 재활법 504조에 따른 서비스를 받을 자격이 있는 학생을 나타냅니다 중에서 작은 그룹은 IDEA 따른 서비스도 받을 자격이 있습니다. 그래프에서 기억해야 핵심 사항은 작은 원에 포함되는 학생들도 그룹, , 모든 학생에 포함된다는 것입니다. 그들 모두 모든 학생과 동등한 권리를 가지며 학교 수업 활동에 참여하기 위해 필요한 서비스에 대한 접근성을 포함하여 장애로 인한 차별로부터 보호 받습니다.

재활법 504조에 의해 보호를 받고 IEP 대상에 포함되는 학생들의 경우 일반적으로 IEP 제공 받게 됩니다. 재활법 504조에 따른 계획에 포함되는 모든 요소는 IEP 포함되어야 하는데, 주로 편의 시설 페이지나 관련 또는 추가 서비스 또는 지원 목록에 포함되어야 합니다.

IEP 대상 아동은 재활법 504조에 따른 보호도 받습니다. 점은 중요한가요?

재활법 504조는 장애를 사유로 학생을 차별하는 행위를 금지합니다. 특정 프로그램에 적격 대상자임에도 불구하고 장애를 사유로 학생을 제외하거나 해당 학생이 괴롭힘을 당하고 있는데 교육구가 이에 대응하기 위한 합당한 조치를 취하지 않을 차별이 발생할 있습니다.

교육구가 장애를 사유로 개인을 차별했다고 판단된다면 Discrimination 차별 페이지에서 공식적인 불만 사항 접수 옵션에 대해 자세히 알아보십시오.

 

The Role of Parents under IDEA and Strategies for Non-Parents

The Role of Parents under IDEA and Strategies for Non-Parents stephanieP

The Role of Parents under IDEA and Strategies for Non-Parents

Many rights under IDEA and Washington State special education law can be asserted only by the parents of students with disabilities. A wide variety of caregivers fit into the definition of parent under IDEA and the state special education law. Because this publication focuses on IDEA and state special education law rights, this webpage talks about the definition of parent and how advocates, like relatives, family friends, and community members, who do not meet the definition can gain legal authority to act in the place of or for a parent.

Who is a “parent” or “guardian” under IDEA?

IDEA defines “parent” to include the following people:

  • The birth or adoptive parent of a child
  • The foster parent of a child
  • A guardian generally authorized to act as the child’s parent or authorized to make educational decisions for the child, such as an individual given authority to make educational decisions by a judge (this does not include the caseworker if the child is a ward of the state).
  • A person acting in the place of a parent, such as a grandparent or relative with whom a student with a disability lives, or someone who is legally responsible for the student’s welfare
  • A surrogate parent appointed by the district (see information below about surrogate parents).

If there is more than one person in a child’s life who meets IDEA’s definition of parent, the child’s birth or adoptive parent has educational decision-making authority unless the birth or adoptive parent’s rights are limited by a court order or compromised in some way.

What can I do if I want to assert a student’s special education rights but I do not fit the definition of parent under IDEA?

There are many things you can do to help a student even if you aren’t the parent. You can use your advocacy skills to encourage the school district to create and maintain good special education services for a student. However, there may be times in your advocacy when a conflict might arise that can’t be resolved directly with the school district. Since many IDEA rights can be asserted only by a parent or guardian as defined by the IDEA laws, you might find yourself at an impasse because you do not have legal authority to make educational decisions on behalf of the student.

Below are some ways that you can obtain the authority to enforce a student’s special education rights when a parent or guardian is not available.

  1. Obtain a Power of Attorney from the student’s parents.

A Power of Attorney is a legal document allowing a person to give authority for someone else to act on their behalf. A student’s parent or legal guardian could use a Power of Attorney to give someone else (such as a caregiver, relative, or foster parent) the authority to act as though they are the parent. A Power of Attorney form can be downloaded through the internet. For more complicated Power of Attorney situations, it is best to consult a lawyer.

  1. Get appointed as a surrogate parent.

In certain situations, such as when the parents are not known, the district can’t locate the parents after reasonable efforts, or the student is a ward of the state or an unaccompanied homeless youth, school districts must appoint someone to make educational decisions for a student with a disability. This person is called a “surrogate parent.” Talk to the school district staff to find out the district’s process for appointing a surrogate parent.

  1. Request educational decision-making authority through the dependency, CHINS, or other family court process.

If a judge has authority to make decisions about a child’s care, they can order that someone other than the parent should have the power to make educational decisions. If there is a lawyer for the child, talk to him or her about asking the judge to appoint you to make educational decisions.

특수 교육은 어떻게 시작하나요?

특수 교육은 어떻게 시작하나요? stephanieP

특수 교육은 어떻게 시작하나요?

교육구는 특수 교육 서비스가 필요한 학생을 어떻게 찾나요?

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act(IDEA, 장애인교육법) 특수교육법에 따라 교육구는 해당 교육구에 거주하는 학생 중에서 특수 교육 서비스가 필요할 있는 모든 학생을 적극적으로 파악해야 의무가 있습니다. 의무를 'Child Find(장애 아동 실태 파악)'라고 합니다. 교육구는 장애 학생의 신원과 거주 지역을 파악하고 평가할 있는 정책과 절차를 마련해야 합니다.

자녀가 특수 교육이 필요할지 여부를 어떻게 평가받을 있나요?

자녀에 대해 해당 교육구에 특수 교육 평가를 의뢰해야 합니다. 특수 교육 평가를 실시하기 위해 교육구는 학생 평가 여부를 결정한 다음 학부모로부터 평가에 대한 허가나 동의를 받아야 합니다. 교육구는 장애가 있는 것으로 의심되는 모든 관련 영역에서 학생을 평가해야 합니다. 평가는 무료로 제공됩니다. 평가는 기본적으로 다음과 같이 가지 단계로 실시됩니다.

1단계 학생에 대한 평가 요청을 의뢰합니다.

2단계 교육구가 평가가 필요한지 여부를 결정합니다.

3단계 학부모가 교육구에 평가에 대한 동의를 제공합니다.

자녀를 위한 특수 교육 평가를 요청할 있습니까?

워싱턴주 법률에 따라 다음에 해당되는 사람이나 독립체가 학생의 평가를 의뢰할 있습니다.

  • '부모' 정의에 부합하는 사람
  • 교육구
  • 기타 공공기관
  • 해당 아동에 대해 알고 있는 다른 사람

평가 의뢰는 어떻게 하나요?

1. 의뢰는 서면으로 작성해야 합니다. 의뢰인이 글을 없는 경우를 제외하고 의뢰는 서면으로 이루어져야 합니다. 수기로 간단하게 작성하시면 됩니다. 날짜를 기입하고 기록용으로 사본을 보관하십시오.

2. 의뢰서는 완벽하게 작성하지 않아도 됩니다. 가능한 빨리 처리해야 하는 것은 아닐지 초조해 하실 필요는 없습니다. 의뢰를 하기 전까지는 아무 일도 발생하지 않으며 교육구에 의뢰서를 접수한 당일에 해당 절차가 시작됩니다.

3. 학교에 IDEA 재활법 504조에 대한 적격성을 평가하도록 요청합니다. 학생이 IDEA 따른 특수 교육 대상이 아니더라도 재활법 504조에 따른 서비스를 받을 자격이 있을 있습니다.

4. 자녀의 문제를 구체적으로 설명합니다. 교육구는 의심되는 장애와 관련된 모든 영역에서 학생을 테스트해야 하기 때문에, 모든 문제점에 대해 설명해야 합니다. 예를 들어, 자녀가 읽기에 어려움이 있고 해결해야 정서적 문제가 있다고 생각되면 영역을 모두 평가해 달라고 요청하십시오.

5. 사례를 제시합니다. 자녀에게 장애가 있을 있다고 생각하는 이유를 설명할 직접 관찰한 내용을 적습니다. 의사나 정신 건강 의료 서비스 제공자의 추천서 자녀에게 장애가 있을 있음을 명시한 문서를 가지고 있다면 함께 제출하십시오.

6. 권한이 있고 신속하게 행동할 것으로 생각되는 학교 또는 교육구의 직원에게 의뢰서를 발송합니다. 법률상 의뢰서 접수를 담당하는 특정 개인이나 사무실이 명시되어 있지는 않지만 그에 따른 조치를 취할 것이라고 생각되는 사람에게 보내는 것이 좋습니다. 예를 들면, 학교 교장이나 교육구의 특수 교육 책임자에게 의뢰서를 보낼 있습니다.

교육구에 특수 교육 평가 의뢰서를 접수한 후에는 어떻게 되나요?

교육구는 25 이내로 학생의 평가 여부를 결정합니다. (재활법 504조에는 평가 일정이 명시되어 있지는 않습니다. 교육구의 정책상 재활법 504 평가가 포함되어 있지 않을 경우, IDEA 일정을 가이드로 이용해야 합니다.) 교육구는 평가 여부를 결정할 학부모 또는 보호자가 제출하는 학교의 기존 교육 의료 기록을 검토해야 합니다. 교육구는 평가 진행 여부에 대한 결정을 내리고 나면, 해당 학부모 또는 보호자에게 서면으로 그에 대해 통보해야 합니다. 교육구가 평가를 하지 않기로 하는 경우, 해당 결정에 이의를 제기할 있습니다. 교육구와의 분쟁을 해결하는 다양한 방법들에 대해서는 간행물의 7조를 참조하십시오.

교육구가 평가를 실시하려면 어떤 동의가 필요한가요?

교육구는 최초로 아동을 평가하기 전에 학부모의 허가를 받아야 합니다. 학부모가 허가를 거부할 경우, 교육구는 해당 거부를 무효화하기 위한 청문을 요청할 있습니다.

교육구가 평가에 대한 동의를 받으면 어떻게 되나요?

교육구는 35 이내로 해당 학생을 평가합니다. 워싱턴주 법률에 따르면, 교육구는 특수 교육 적격성 평가에 대한 학부모 또는 보호자의 허가를 받으면 35 이내로 다음을 이행해야 합니다.

  • 해당 학생에 대한 전면 평가
  • 해당 학생의 장애 여부 결정
  • 해당 학생의 특수 교육 서비스 필요 여부 결정

교육구와 학부모는 또한 합의를 통해 일정을 변경할 수도 있습니다. , 교육구는 학부모의 동의를 문서로 기록해야 합니다. 예를 들어, 학부모는 독립 평가 기관의 교육 평가 결과를 기다리는 관계로 평가 일정 연기에 대해 합의하고자 있습니다. 학부모가 자녀를 평가 장소에 데려오는 것을 재차 거부하거나 해당 아동이 다른 교육구로 이사를 경우 35 기한은 철회됩니다. , 후자의 경우 새로운 교육구가 신속히 평가를 완료하기 위해 평가 완료를 위한 일정에 대해 학부모와 합의할 것입니다.

워싱턴주 평가 일정

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특수 교육 평가 의뢰 -> 25 이내로 학생의 평가 여부 결정 -> 학부모의 서면 평가 동의 -> 35 이내로 학생의 평가 완료

자녀가 평가를 받는 동안 이사할 경우 어떻게 되나요?

학생이 동일한 학년도에 다른 교육구로 이사하는 경우, 해당 학생이 이전에 다니던 학교와 새로 다니게 학교는 특수 교육 평가를 신속하게 완료하기 위해 가능한 빠른 시일 내에 상호간에 조율을 해야 합니다. 워싱턴주 법률에 따르면, 새로운 교육구는 학생이 전학 신청을 학생 기록을 확보하기 시작하며, 이전 교육구는 2 이내로 중요한 정보를 먼저 제공하고 가능한 빠른 시일 내에 학교 기록을 제공해야 합니다.

특수 교육 평가의 범위는 어떻게 되나요?

교육구는 장애가 의심되는 모든 영역에서 아동을 평가해야 합니다. 특수 교육 평가의 목적은 1) 서비스 적격 대상 여부를 결정하고, 2) IEP 개발을 위해 해당 학생의 필요와 강점을 파악하는 것입니다. 무엇보다도 교육구가 장애가 의심되는 모든 영역에 대한 평가를 해야 한다는 점이 매우 중요합니다. 경우에 따라 학생이 가지 이상의 영역에 문제가 있을 있습니다. 학생이 가지 영역에서만 특수 교육을 받을 자격이 있다고 판단될 경우 교육구는 해당 평가를 중단할 있습니다. 평가에서 가지 영역만 다룰 경우 개별화 프로그램을 개발할 해당 학생에게 필요한 모든 사항에 대한 정보가 부족할 수도 있습니다. 자녀에게 가장 적합한 교육 계획을 제공받기 위해서는 교육구의 포괄적인 교육 계획 수립을 위한 노력에 유의해야 합니다. 교육구에 모든 영역에 대한 평가를 실시해야 의무가 있음을 상기시키십시오.

어떤 영역을 평가할 있으며 어떤 유형의 테스트가 사용되나요?

교육구는 다음과 같은 영역에 대해 아동을 평가할 있습니다.

  • 건강(신체적 정신적 건강)
  • 시력
  • 청력
  • 사회적 정서적 건강
  • 일반 지능
  • 학업 성과
  • 의사소통능력, 발화 언어
  • 운동 능력

평가에 사용된 테스트는 테스트 대상 영역에 대해 유효하고 적절해야 합니다. , 테스트는 측정하려는 대상을 정확하게 측정해야 합니다. 예를 들어, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV(WISC IV, 웩슬러 아동용 지능검사 IV) 일반 지능을 측정하기 위해 설계되었고 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 테스트입니다. 일반적으로 WISC IV 결과는 아동의 감정 상태를 평가하기 위해 사용해서는 됩니다. 그러한 목적으로 설계된 것은 아니기 때문입니다. 인종, 문화, 성별에 따른 차별이 없도록 테스트 평가 자료를 선정하고 관리해야 합니다. 또한 실현 불가능한 경우를 제외하고 학생이 구사하는 모국어 또는 기타 의사소통 방식(: 수화)으로 학생에게 제공되어야 합니다. 귀하는 무엇을 있을까요? 테스트에 대해 질문을 하시면 됩니다. 평가와 관련된 전문 용어는 다소 어렵게 느껴질 있지만 질문을 통해 다음을 이해할 있습니다.

  • 테스트의 목적
  • 사용되는 테스트 유형이 자녀에게 적합한지 여부

평가 팀에게 쉬운 언어로 테스트에 대해 설명해 달라고 요청하십시오. 테스트가 측정해야 하는 능력을 정확하게 측정할 있는지 확인해야 합니다. 예를 들어, 일부 테스트의 경우 결과가 유효하려면 연령, 읽기 기술 언어 능력과 관련된 요구 사항이 있을 있습니다. 자녀가 너무 어려서 특정 테스트에 필요한 수준의 글을 읽을 없거나 테스트가 자녀가 구사하는 모국어로 제공되지 않을 경우 테스트 결과는 유용하거나 유효하지 않을 있습니다.

누가 테스트를 진행하나요?

장애가 의심되는 영역에 대한 검사를 수행할 자격이 있는 전문가들이 진행합니다. 학교 전담 심리학자들이 여러 많은 테스트를 수행할 있습니다. 그러나 일부 장애 영역의 경우 특수 훈련을 받은 심리학자, 정신과 의사, 물리 치료사/언어 치료사, 의사 또는 전문 지식이 있는 기타 개인이 테스트를 수행해야 수도 있습니다. 교육구 관계자들 만으로 완벽한 평가를 실시할 없는 경우, 교육구는 평가 프로세스를 완료하기 위해 외부 전문가를 찾아야 수도 있습니다이러한 외부 평가에 소요되는 비용은 교육구가 부담해야 합니다교육구는 학생이나 가족에게 개인 보험이나 외부 평가 비용을 충당할 기타 자금이 있는지 물어볼 있습니다. 학생이나 가족이 보험 혜택이나 기타 자금을 사용하기를 원치 않으면, 교육구가 평가를 완료하기 위해 필요한 외부 테스트를 준비하고 해당 비용을 부담해야 합니다.

교육구가 자녀의 특수 교육 적격성 필요성에 대한 정보를 수집하는 기타 방법에는 무엇이 있나요?

교육구는 학생과 관련된 기능, 발달 학업 정보를 수집하기 위해 다양한 평가 도구와 전략을 활용해야 합니다. 정보 수집 방법에는 학생에 대한 관찰과 가족, 간병인 학생을 아는 다른 사람들과의 면담이 포함될 있습니다. IDEA No Child Left Behind Act(낙제 학생 방지법) 정보 수집을 위해 수업 평가를 활용할 것을 강조합니다. 이러한 수업 평가는 종종 '커리큘럼 기반 평가'라고 하기도 합니다. 커리큘럼 기반 평가는 일반 교육 교사가 수행하고 특수 교육 직원과 해당 결과를 공유하지는 않는 경우도 있기 때문에, 모든 평가 팀원들이 해당 평가를 검토할 있도록 자녀가 커리큘럼 기반 평가를 받았는지 물어봐야 합니다.

평가 범위 또는 결과에 동의하지 않을 경우 어떻게 해야 하나요?

평가에 동의하지 않을 경우 독립적인 교육 평가를 요청할 있으며 해당 비용은 교육구가 부담합니다. 평가 범위 또는 결과와 관련하여 우려 사항에 있을 경우 다음과 같이 있습니다.

  • 교육구와 대화를 통해 우려 사항을 알립니다. 교육구에게 추가 또는 심화 평가를 요청합니다.
  • 기타 평가 방법을 모색합니다( 자녀에게 관련 영역에 대한 평가 비용을 충당할 있는 의료 보험이 있나요? 교육구는 외부 평가를 고려해야 합니다).
  • 교육구의 비용 부담으로 독립 교육 평가를 요청하고 교육구로부터 평가자 명단을 받습니다.
  • 중재, 불만 사항 또는 적법 절차에 관한 청문 추가적인 공식 분쟁 해결 옵션도 고려합니다. 분쟁 해결에 대한 자세한 정보는 간행물의 7조를 참조하십시오.

'공적 비용으로 독립 교육 평가' 요청할 경우 어떻게 되나요?

교육구는 해당 요청을 지원하거나 교육구의 평가가 적합함을 증명하기 위한 청문을 개시해야 합니다. 독립 교육 평가는 해당 학생의 교육을 담당하는 교육구 관계자들 외에 자격을 갖춘 다른 개인이 실시하는 평가를 의미합니다. 요청 , 교육구는 학부모에게 독립 평가를 받을 있는 기관들에 대한 정보를 제공해야 합니다. 학부모는 평가자 또는 평가 기관을 선택할 기회가 있습니다. 교육구는 독립 평가 요청에 반대하는 경우 역일 기준으로 15 이내에 적법 절차 청문을 요청할 있습니다. 교육구가 해당되는 15 이내에 청문 요청을 하지 않는다면 해당 독립 평가에 대한 비용을 교육구가 직접 부담하거나 학생이나 가족에게 무료로 독립 평가가 제공될 있도록 해야 합니다. 펑문 담당관이 교육구의 평가가 적합하다고 판단하더라도 학부모는 독립 평가를 요청할 권리가 있지만 경우 교육구는 해당 평가 비용을 부담할 필요는 없습니다. 그러나 교육구는 해당 독립 평가 비용을 부담할 필요가 없더라도 결과를 고려해야 합니다.

Qualification for IDEA Services

Qualification for IDEA Services stephanieP

Qualification for IDEA Services

How does a district decide if my student is eligible for special education, and who takes part in the decision making?

The district must make an eligibility decision based on the evaluation.

Once the evaluation is completed, the district must produce an evaluation report stating the following:

  • Whether the student has a disability
  • How the disability affects the student’s progress in school
  • What services are recommended to address the student’s individual needs.

Whether a student is eligible for special education is determined by a group composed of the student’s parent(s) and qualified professionals selected by the school district.

Parents have a right to notice of meetings and to participate in all meetings with respect to the identification, evaluation, and delivery of services to the student. Parents must also receive written notice of any decision made at such a meeting.

How will I know if the student is eligible for special education?

The district sends you notice.

The district must provide the student’s parent with a copy of the evaluation report and documentation of its decision about eligibility.

What can I do if my child is denied eligibility for special education?

You can challenge the district’s decision.

If you think your child has been wrongly denied eligibility for special education services, you can try to change the district’s decision by:

  • Discussing the situation with school personnel
  • Requesting a mediation conference
  • Filing a complaint or
  • Requesting an IDEA due process or 504 hearing.

Talking things through with school officials—including special education staff, the principal, your child’s teachers and counselor—is the best way to start dealing with any problem.

If discussing the issue doesn’t get you anywhere, consider using more formal dispute resolution. Anyone can file a citizen complaint on behalf of a student. A parent can also request a due process hearing or mediation.

Where you can have an impact

Ask for a person from the district’s Section 504 program be made part of the eligibility determination group. If the group decides the student is not eligible for special education under IDEA but may be eligible under Section 504, this person can help identify services provided under Section 504.

An Overview of Section 504

An Overview of Section 504 stephanieP

An Overview of Section 504

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act was the first law made to protect people with disabilities. Under Section 504, all programs receiving federal funding must not discriminate against individuals based on a disability.  Public schools receive federal funding, and therefore must follow the requirements of Section 504 to ensure students with disabilities are not treated differently. School districts must also take steps that range from accommodating special needs to providing special instruction and related services. The intent of Section 504 is to remove barriers so people with disabilities can fully participate in “life activities” such as learning in school.

Section 504 defines disability as an impairment that substantially limits a major life activity. Learning is a “major life activity” for children.  Impairments that affect a student’s education may qualify him or her for services under Section 504. The definition of disability under Section 504 is much broader than under the IDEA, so many students who are not eligible for IDEA may be eligible for extra support under Section 504.

School districts are required to create procedures and systems for implementing Section 504. In addition, each district must designate at least one person to coordinate the district’s efforts to comply with Section 504. Ask for a copy of the district’s procedures and for the name of the person designated as the Section 504 compliance officer.

How can my student become eligible for 504 services?

Districts are required to identify students who may have disabilities and evaluate whether they need extra support in order to receive a meaningful education. The evaluation must be done at no cost to the student. As under IDEA, districts must use valid assessment tools, administered by trained people. The evaluation tools must also be tailored to test specific needs and accurately reflect the student’s abilities. Unlike IDEA, there are no specific timelines for the district to finish an evaluation.

Is parental consent required for evaluation under Section 504?

Yes. The regulations under Section 504 do not provide explicit rules regarding ‘consent for evaluation.’ The Federal Office of Civil Rights (OCR) has issued guidance for this area that relies on the framework created by the related ‘consent’ provisions of the IDEA. This means school districts to implement Section 504 in accordance with OCR guidelines, they must obtain parental consent for an initial evaluation. Similarly, if a parent withholds consent, a school district may use due process hearing procedures to try and override a parents’ denial of consent for an initial evaluation. In addition, if a parent revokes consent under IDEA, the parent is also revoking consent under Section 504.

Can I revoke consent for some services and not other services under the IDEA or Section 504?

Section 504 does not have regulations that address revoking parental consent, so we look to language under the IDEA to provide guidance for both federal laws. The IDEA regulations state that if a parent revokes consent after the initial provision of services, the school district is no longer responsible for providing a free and appropriate public education to the student or to develop an IEP. This also means that the district is no longer responsible for services under Section 504.

However, it should be considered a different matter when a parent is not revoking consent, but rather refusing to consent to some services offered by a school district that they disagree with. Section 300.300 (b)(3) of the federal regulations state: “A public agency may not use a parent's refusal to consent to one service or activity under paragraphs (a), (b), (c) or (d)(2) of this section to deny the parent or child any other service, benefit, or activity of the public agency, except as required by this part.”

How often does the district have to reevaluate my student?

Section 504 requires periodic reevaluation of students with disabilities. The law does not state clearly how often, except that evaluating at least once every 3 years (like under IDEA) would satisfy this requirement.

Like IDEA, Section 504 also requires a reevaluation whenever the district proposes to make significant changes to a student’s program.

Does the district have to develop a plan for my student?

Section 504 requires a plan for meeting the student’s special needs, but it doesn’t require that the plan be written.

The Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction (OSPI) recommends that districts have written plans, even if it is not as detailed as an IEP.

Who develops the 504 plan?

There is no clear guidance in the law about who specifically should be involved in the development of the 504 plan. Section 504 does say that decisions about placement and services must be made by a group of people who knows the student, understands the evaluation data, and knows about support available within the district. You can ask to be on the 504 team and share your information about your student’s strengths and needs.

What kinds of things can be put into a 504 plan?

504 plans can range from seating a student near the teacher for extra help to providing specialized instruction and related services. For a student who has challenging behavior, a behavior plan, counseling, or an aide may be necessary for them to participate in school. For a student who is hearing impaired, a signing interpreter or written lectures might be included in the plan. Be creative! Your suggestions about how your student can participate in school should be open for consideration.

Does the district have to educate my student in a general education classroom?

Unless an IEP or 504 plan requires another arrangement, a student must be educated in the school that he or she would attend if not disabled and be with non-disabled classmates to the maximum extent possible.

What if the district refuses to develop a 504 plan, or there appears to be some other sort of discrimination against my student?

Section 504 requires that school districts develop dispute resolution procedures, including the right to an impartial hearing. Ask for a copy of the district’s 504 procedures to determine your next step. In addition, you can make a complaint to the Office of Civil Rights. See Section VII in this publication for more information about making a civil rights complaint. A civil rights complaint must be filed within 180 calendar days (6 months) from the date of the discrimination. If the complaint is not filed within the 180 days, include a request for a waiver and explain why the complaint is being filed now.

Where you can have an impact

Urge the district to move quickly to finish the evaluation. If the district doesn’t have a policy or set timelines for completing the evaluation, ask the district use the IDEA evaluation timelines as a guide.

Ask the district to put the Section 504 plan in writing. If the district refuses, write up what you think the district agreed to do, and send the school a letter. Ask the district to confirm that the district’s understanding of the plan is the same as yours.

Individualized Education Program, 즉, 'IEP'란 무엇인가요?

Individualized Education Program, 즉, 'IEP'란 무엇인가요? stephanieP

Individualized Education Program, , 'IEP' 무엇인가요?

Individualized Education Program(IEP, 개별화 교육 프로그램) 장애 학생이 유의미한 교육을 받기 위해 필요한 교육 서비스에 대한 자세한 설명입니다. Individualized Education Program, , IEP 아동이 받게 특정한 특수 교육 서비스에 대해 설명하는 문서입니다. IEP 법적 문서이며 학생들은 IEP 설명된 모든 서비스를 받을 자격이 있습니다. IEP 아동과 아동의 교육적 필요에 맞게 조정되어야 하며 여기에는 서비스 제공을 위한 창의적인 전략도 포함될 있습니다.

IEP에는 다음과 같은 내용이 포함되어야 합니다.

  • 학생의 현재 교육적 기능적 수행능력 수준에 대한 설명(학생이 어떻게 하고 있는지)
  • 연간 교육 목표
  • 아동의 진전 상황을 측정하는 방법과 아동의 진전 상황에 대한 정기 보고서 제출 시점에 대한 설명
  • 일반 교육 교실 환경과 특수 교육 환경 모두에서 아동이 받게 모든 서비스에 대한 설명
  • 말하기 언어 치료, 교통편 상담과 같이 학생이 받게 '관련 서비스' 대한 설명
  • 수정된 읽기 자료, 시험 기타 과제용 리더, 강의용 녹음기 제공될 모든 프로그램 변경 사항에 대한 설명
  • 학생에게 보조 기술 장치 서비스가 필요할지 여부에 대한 결정. 보조 기술은 학생의 능력을 향상시키거나 유지하는 장비 또는 시스템을 의미하며 컴퓨터 또는 맞춤형 키보드와 같이 상업적으로 생산되는 품목이 포함될 있습니다.
  • 적응형 체육 수업에 대한 적격성 여부 결정 적격 대상일 경우 해당 수업 제공 방법
  • 학생이 일반 교육 수업 활동에 참여하는 방법과 참여하지 않는 경우 이유에 대한 설명
  • IEP 팀에서 필요하다고 결정한 경우, 연장 학기 서비스를 받기 위해 학생에게 제공될 모든 편의 시설
  • 학생에게 필요한 혐오 자극을 이용한 중재(있는 경우)
  • 서비스 제공 위치, 기간 빈도
  • 서비스 개시 날짜
  • IEP 팀에서 적절하다고 결정한 경우 학생이 16 또는 그보다 어린 연령이 되었을 IEP 발효되기 전에 1) 측정 가능하고 적절한 중등 교육 이후의 목표를 수립하고 2) 학생이 해당 목표를 달성하도록 지원하는 필요한 전환 서비스를 제공합니다.

또한 대안 평가를 받는 학생의 경우 IEP 다음 항목도 포함해야 합니다.

  • 벤치마크 또는 단기 목표에 대한 설명
  • 학생이 정규 평가에 참여할 없는 이유에 대한 설명
  • 특정 대안 평가가 학생에게 적합한 이유에 대한 설명

자녀가 특수 교육 대상에 해당될 경우 최초 평가 얼마 후에 IEP 받게 되나요?

학생이 특수 교육을 받을 자격이 있다고 결정되고 나서 역일 기준으로 30 이내에 IEP 회의가 열려야 합니다. 교육구는 특정 학생이 특수 교육 서비스 대상자라고 결정하고 나면 역일 기준으로 30 이내(수업일 ) IEP 회의를 열어 학생을 위한 개별화된 계획을 개발해야 합니다.

누가 IEP 개발하나요?

IEP 팀은 학생의 교육 프로그램 설계를 도울 있는 사람들로 구성됩니다.  팀으로 구성되어 IEP 작성하고 승인하는 책임을 맡습니다. 다음에 해당되는 사람들이 IEP 팀의 일원으로서, 일반적으로 모든 IEP 회의에 참석해야 합니다.

  • 학부모 또는 보호자
  • 학생의 일반 교육 교사 최소 (학생이 일반 교육 환경 학생이거나 참여 중일 있는 경우)
  • 학생의 특수 교육 교사 또는 해당되는 경우 특수 교육 제공자 최소
  • 장애 아동 교육 관련 자격이 있고 일반 교육 과정 제공되는 리소스에 대해 알고 있는 교육구 담당자(: 특수 교육 책임자)
  • 평가 자료를 해석할 있는 개인(상기에 명시된 개인 사람 또는 학교 전담 심리학자일 있음)
  • 학부모 또는 교육구의 재량에 따라 아동에 대한 지식이나 특수 전문 지식을 가진 다른 사람들
  • 학생(해당되는 경우)
  • 전환 서비스 제공자(: 직업 전문가 또는 Developmental Disability Administration (DDA, 발달장애 담당국) 같은 외부 기관 직원)

IEP 팀에는 이외에 다른 사람들도 포함될 있습니다. 법에 따라 구체적으로 '해당 아동에 대한 지식이나 특수 전문 지식을 가진' 다른 사람들도 IEP 팀에 참여할 있습니다. , IEP 팀에는 친척, 가족의 친구, 지역사회 주민, 치료사 옹호자들도 포함될 있습니다. 교육구 또는 학부모가 해당 아동에 대한 지식이나 전문 지식을 가진 사람들이 누구인지 결정합니다. 귀하의 판단에 자녀의 IEP 팀에 합류해야 한다고 생각되는 사람들이 있다면 학교에 말해서 참여 요청을 있도록 하십시오. 그러나 IDEA 특수교육법에 따르면, IEP 팀원은 모든 회의에 참석할 필요는 없을 수도 있습니다. 상기에 열거된 IEP 팀원들은 본인과 관련된 커리큘럼 영역이 회의의 주제가 아니고 학부모와 교육구가 해당 팀원의 출석이 필요하지 않다고 서면으로 동의하는 경우 IEP 회의에 참석할 필요가 없습니다. 예를 들어, 발화 서비스가 IEP 회의의 주제가 아니고 회의의 목적이 학생의 행동 개입 계획에 대해서만 논의하는 것이라면 학부모와 교육구가 서면으로 동의하는 경우 발화 언어 서비스 제공자는 회의에 참석하지 않아도 됩니다. 더불어, 학부모와 교육구의 서면 동의가 있다면 IEP 팀원은 회의에서 본인과 관련된 영역을 수정하거나 그에 대한 논의를 한다 하더라도 해당 회의의 참석 명단에서 제외될 있습니다. 그러나 제외된 IEP 팀원은 회의 전에 학부모와 교육구 모두에게 IEP 개발에 대한 의견을 서면으로 제출해야 합니다.

IEP 회의가 언제인지 어떻게 있나요?

교육구는 학부모에게 IEP 회의의 목적, 시간과 장소, 참석자를 알려야 합니다. 교육구는 학부모가 참석할 기회를 가질 있도록 충분히 시간을 두고 사전에 통지해야 합니다. 회의는 상호 합의된 시간과 장소에서 개최해야 합니다. 학부모와 교육구가 동의하는 경우 전화 또는 화상 회의를 통해 회의를 수도 있습니다.

제가 IEP 어떤 기여를 있나요?

학부모와 더불어 학생을 알고 학생의 학업적 성공에 관심을 갖고 있는 다른 사람들의 의견은 효과적인 특수 교육 프로그램을 구축하는 있어 매우 중요합니다. 학부모는 IEP 팀의 필수 일원이며, 도움이 만한 사람들을 알고 있을 있습니다. IEP 팀은 계획을 작성할 제한 사항을 고려해야 합니다. 긍정적인 기여를 있다고 생각하는 다른 사람들이 있다면 학교에 알려야 합니다. 옹호자로서 귀하의 역할에서 중요한 부분은 해당 교육구에서 제공하는 교육 프로그램 서비스를 분석하는 것입니다. 예를 들어, 자녀의 능력에 대한 이해를 감안할 해당 목표와 목적이 합리적인지, 교육구에서 추천하는 서비스 유형이 자녀에게 도움이 될지 분석해야 합니다. 교육 계획 개선을 위해 제안하고자 하는 사항이 있는 경우 IEP 회의에서 의견을 제시해야 합니다. 또한 프로세스에 새로운 관점과 창의성을 더할 수도 있습니다. 교육자가 고려하지 못했을 있는, 자녀의 참여를 유도할 방법에 대해 생각해 보십시오. 예를 들어, 자녀가 특별 활동이나 스포츠를 즐길 있는 시간을 보상으로 제공할 집안일을 한다면, 학교에서도 과제를 완료했을 유사한 보상을 제공할 있습니다. 또는 자녀가 집중력을 흐리는 요소, 사람들, 소음에 취약하다는 점을 알고 있을 수도 있습니다. 다른 학생들이 수업을 변경하기 전이나 후에 자녀에게 수업을 변경하도록 제안할 있습니다.

IEP 행동 문제를 어떻게 처리하나요?

행동 문제가 있는 경우 IEP에는 기능적 행동 평가와 행동 중재 계획이 포함되어야 합니다. 본인이나 다른 학생의 학습에 방해가 되는 행동을 하는 학생의 경우, IEP 문제 해결을 위한 행동 전략 개선 목표를 제시해야 합니다. 학생의 행동이 장애와 관련이 있을 있음을 명심해야 합니다. IEP 행동 문제를 예상하고 그러한 문제가 발생하기 전에 대응할 있는 효과적인 방법을 구축해야 합니다.

IEP 언제 검토 또는 수정되나요?

최소 1년에 또는 IEP 팀원의 요청 자주 검토 수정됩니다. IEP 최소한 1년에 검토해야 합니다. 그러나, 교육구는 검토 기한이 지났더라도 IEP 준수해야 합니다. IEP 팀은 연말에 회의를 열어 교육 프로그램을 검토하고 학생의 연간 목표 달성 여부를 판단해야 합니다. 학생이 학업적으로 진전이 없거나 학생에 대한 새로운 정보가 제공된다면 IEP 수정해야 합니다. IEP 또한 학생이 성장하면서 변화하는 필요를 예상해야 합니다. 외에도 팀원의 요청이 있거나 상황이 변한 경우에는 언제든 IEP 검토할 있습니다. 그러나 IDEA 특수교육법에 따라 이제는 학부모와 교육구가 동의할 경우 IEP 회의를 소집하지 않고 연간 검토 회의 아동의 IEP 변경할 있습니다. 경우, 서면으로 아동의 IEP 변경 또는 수정할 있습니다. 학부모의 요청 , 교육구는 수정된 IEP 사본을 학부모에게 제공해야 합니다. IEP 또는 자녀의 특수 교육 서비스가 변경되었다고 생각할 경우, 합의를 통한 변경 내용(서면) 포함하는 최신 IEP 사본을 교육구에 요청하십시오. IDEA 교육구에 IEP 회의를 통합하도록 장려함으로써 매년 학생에 대한 IEP 회의 횟수를 줄이도록 권장합니다.

허가 없이 자녀의 IEP 변경되면 어떻게 되나요?

귀하의 우려 사항을 즉시 학교에 알리십시오. 귀하는 IEP 팀의 일원으로서 자녀의 특수 교육 프로그램에 대한 모든 결정에 참여할 있어야 합니다. 교직원과 비공식적으로 의견 차이를 해결할 없을 경우 간행물의 7 분쟁 해결 부분에서 추가 옵션을 확인하십시오.

자녀가 특수 교육 대상에 해당되더라도 추가적인 평가를 받아야 하나요?

, 장애 학생은 최소한 3년에 , 필요한 경우 자주 평가를 받아야 합니다. IEP 1년에 검토해야 하지만 재평가는 그렇게 자주 받을 필요는 없습니다. 그러나 최소한 3년에 재평가를 받아야 합니다. 학부모와 교육구는 3 주기 재평가가 필요하지 않다는 동의할 있습니다. 그러나 이러한 3 주기 평가를 통해 학부모와 교육구는 학생의 상태에 대한 귀중한 정보를 얻을 있는 경우가 많습니다. 초등학교에서 고등학교까지 3년간 학생이 경험할 변화를 상상해 보십시오! 마지막 평가 이후 3 동안 많은 것이 바뀌었을 있기 때문에 자녀를 재평가 하지 않기로 동의하기 전에 신중하게 고민해 보시기 바랍니다. 교육구가 아동의 교육 서비스 필요에 따라 재평가가 필요하다고 결정하는 경우(아동의 개선 상황 포함) 또는 학부모나 교사가 재평가를 요청하는 경우 3 주기보다 앞당겨 재평가를 있습니다. 그러나 재평가는 학부모와 교육구가 필요하다고 동의하지 않는 1년에 1 이상은 진행되지 않을 있습니다. 재평가의 목적은 다음을 결정하는 것입니다.

  1. 학생이 계속해서 적격성 기준에 부합하는지 여부
  2. IEP 목표를 달성하기 위해 필요한 추가 서비스
  3. 학생의 학업 성취도 발달 측면에서 관련된 필요의 현재 수준

IEP 팀은 학생의 기존 평가 데이터를 검토하고 상기에 열거된 가지 문제를 해결하기 위해 추가 테스트가 필요하다면 어떤 테스트를 수행해야 할지 결정해야 합니다.

장애가 있는 자녀는 IEP 설명된 서비스를 어디에서 받게 되나요?

장애 학생은 제한이 최소화된 교육 환경에서 교육을 받아야 하며 그것이 일반 교육 수업일 수도 있습니다. IDEA 본질적인 원칙은 장애 학생이 가능한 일반 교육 프로그램에 참여할 있어야 하며, 거기에서 배제되거나 일반 학생들과 분리되면 된다는 것입니다. 장애 아동은 제한이 최소화된 환경에서 교육을 받을 권리가 있습니다. , IEP 팀은 학업, 비학업 방과후 활동과 관련하여 장애 학생에게도 일반 학생과 동일한 환경에서 교육과 서비스를 제공하는 것을 고려해야 합니다. 장애 학생은 일반 교육 교실에서 추가 지원과 서비스를 받더라도 학업적 진전을 이룰 없을 정도로 심각하거나 해당 교실에 방해가 되는 경우에만 일반 교육 교실 환경에서 제외될 있습니다. 모든 장애 학생이 지원 없이 일반 교육 교실에서 성공을 거둘 있는 것은 아닙니다. 일부 학생들의 경우 수업 동안 보조 교사의 개별적인 도움이 필요하거나 커리큘럼, 자료 또는 수업 방식을 변경해야 수도 있습니다. 외에도 주간 특수 학교나 가정 교육과 같이 완전히 다른 환경을 필요로 하는 학생들도 있습니다. 일부 장애 학생은 일반 교육 환경에서 제공할 있는 것보다 많은 것이 필요하기 때문에 모든 교육구는 장애 학생에게 다양한 교육 환경을 제공해야 합니다. 학생들은 일반 교육 교실과 가장 근접한 교육 환경에서 교육을 받아야 하지만 속에서 학업적인 성과도 거둘 있어야 합니다. 이러한 교육 환경 범위를 '배치의 연속체'라고도 하며 거기에는 왼쪽 차트에 설명된 옵션이 포함될 있습니다.

자녀가 IEP 받았는데 학년도 중에 이사를 가면 어떻게 되나요?

  1. 같은 주로 이사: 새로운 교육구는 이전 IEP 채택하거나 신규 IEP 개발할 때까지 이전 교육구의 IEP 요약된 서비스와 유사한 서비스를 학생에게 제공해야 합니다.
  2. 다른 주로 이사새로 옮긴 주의 교육구가 평가를 실시하고 필요 신규 IEP 개발할 때까지 이전 교육의 IEP 요약된 서비스와 유사한 서비스를 학생에게 제공해야 합니다.

 

경우 모두, 새로운 학교는 자녀의 특수 교육 기록을 즉시 얻기 위해 합당한 조치를 취해야 하며 이전 학교는 해당 기록 요청에 즉시 응해야 합니다.

장애를 가진 자녀가 여름에 특수 교육 서비스를 받을 있나요?

.

  1. Extended school year(ESY, 연장 학기) 서비스

장애 학생은 IEP 팀의 판단에 학생이 유의미한 교육을 받기 위해 필요하다고 결정되는 경우 여름 동안 특수 교육 서비스를 받을 있습니다. 연장 학기 서비스에 대한 적격성은 다음을 토대로 있습니다.

  • 학생이 여름 동안 습득된 실력을 상실할 가능성
  • 학생이 연간 IEP 목표를 달성하는 여름 프로그램이 필요한지 여부
  • 전문가의 추천
  • 학생의 교육 이력

교육구는 연장 학기 서비스의 필요성을 결정할 IEP 팀이 토대로 삼을 기준을 마련해야 합니다. 자녀에게 연장 학기 서비스가 필요하다고 생각되면 교육구가 제시하는 적격성 기준의 사본을 요청하십시오. 여름 프로그램이 제공되는 경우 IEP 목표에 부합해야 합니다. , 모든 학생에게 제공되는 일반 여름 학교 교육 과정 참여만으로는 충분치 않을 있습니다. 학생의 IEP 학년도 동안 일대일 도우미를 제공하도록 기재된 경우 해당 학생은 여름에도 일대일 도우미를 제공 받아야 합니다. 연장 학기 프로그램은 학생에게 무료로 제공되어야 합니다. 교육구는 연장 학기 서비스 대상 학생을 위한 적절한 여름 프로그램이 없을 경우 새로 개설하거나 학생이 다른 교육구나 사설 기관에서 제공하는 프로그램에 참여할 있도록 해당 비용을 지급해야 합니다. 교육구는 연장 학기 프로그램과 관련된 교통비 기타 비용을 부담해야 합니다.

  1. 일반 여름 학교 교육을 위한 편의 시설 서비스

장애 학생이 ESY 서비스 대상은 아니지만 교육구의 일반 여름 학교 교육 프로그램에 등록하는 경우에도 학교는 학생에게 편의 시설과 전문 교육을 제공해야 합니다. 자녀가 해당 프로그램에 참여하기 위해 추가적인 도움이 필요한 경우 IDEA 또는 재활법 504조에 따라 해당 서비스를 요청하십시오.

특수 교육 프로그램이 자녀가 학교를 졸업하고 성인으로서 생활하는 도움이 있나요?

, 특수 교육은 최소 16세부터 학생에게 전환 서비스를 제공해야 합니다. 특수 교육은 모든 장애 학생에게 성인 생활을 준비하는 도움이 되는 서비스를 제공합니다. 해당 서비스를 '전환 서비스'라고 하며, 대학 기타 고등 교육, 직업 훈련 프로그램, 자립 생활 프로그램, 성인 서비스 고용 지원을 포함하여 학생들이 학교에서 졸업 활동으로 원활하게 전환할 있도록 지원하기 위해 고안되었습니다. 교육구는 학생이 16세가 발효되는 번째 IEP 개발 전부터 고학년 학생을 위한 전환 계획 수립에 착수해야 합니다. , 해당 교육구는 학생의 16 생일이 되기 전에 연간 IEP 회의에서 전환 계획에 대해 논의해야 합니다. 전환 계획에 대해 논의한 , IEP에는 트레이닝, 교육, 고용 적합한 경우 독립적인 생활 기술과 관련된 측정 가능하고 적절한 중등 이후 목표는 물론, 학습 과정을 비롯해서 학생이 해당 목표를 달성하는 필요한 전환 서비스의 개요에 대한 설명이 포함되어야 합니다. 이러한 목표는 연령에 적합한 전환 평가를 토대로 설정해야 합니다. 학생에게 제공되는 전환 서비스의 유형은 학생의 관심사 선호도와 습득해야 기술을 토대로 해야 합니다.

자녀의 IEP 번역본을 받을 있나요?

. 자녀의 Individualized Education Program(IEP, 개별화 교육프로그램) 이해하기 위해 필요한 경우 번역본을 받아보실 있습니다.

특수교육 규정에 따라 교육구는 특수교육 동의서 prior written notices 사전 서면 통지.”

번역해야 합니다. 특수교육 규정은 IEP 자체를 번역하는 것에 대해 구체적으로 어떠한 사항도 언급하지 않습니다. 다만, US Department of Education( 교육부) US Department of Justice( 법무부) Civil Rights Act(민권법) 6편을 준수하기 위해 교육구에서 IEP 번역본을 제공할 준비가 되어 있어야 한다고 명시했습니다. 명시 내용은 다음과 같습니다.

6편에 따라 학생의 IEP 비롯한 모든 중요 문서를 LEP[제한된 영어 구사자] 학부모가 이용할 있어야 하지만, 그렇다고 해서 모든 중요 문서가 교육구 모든 언어로 번역되어야 한다는 의미는 아닙니다. 예를 들어, 일부 상황에서는 시기적절하고 완전한 구두 통역이나 중요 문서의 요약본 번역으로 충분할 있습니다. 다만, 교육구는 IEP 대해 선호하는 언어 지원과 이에 수반되는 학부모의 권리를 제공하기 위해 시기적절하고 완전한 IEP 번역본을 제공할 준비를 해야 합니다. 이는 학부모가 IEP 회의 도중뿐만 아니라 학년도 전반에 걸쳐 자녀의 진척도를 관찰하고 IEP 서비스가 제공되는지 확인하기 위해 IEP 선호하는 언어로 이용할 있어야 하기 때문입니다.

https://sites.ed.gov/idea/files/policy_speced_guid_idea_memosdcltrs_iep-translation-06-14-2016.pdf

자녀의 IEP 팀의 번역본이 필요하시면 자녀가 속한 교육구의 특수교육부에 문의해 주십시오.  

문의 사항이나 궁금한 사항이 있는 경우 Office of the Education Ombuds(OEO, 교육옴부즈사무국) 전화하시면 도움을 드리겠습니다.

What are Accommodations and Modifications?

What are Accommodations and Modifications? stephanieP

What are Accommodations and Modifications?

Accommodations are different than modifications. While the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and its regulations do not define accommodations or modifications, there is some general agreement as to what each is, as well as the difference(s) between the two:

Accommodations are provided when the student is expected to reach the same level of proficiency as their non-disabled peers. An accommodation allows a student to complete the same assignment or test as other students, but with a change in the timing, formatting, setting, scheduling, response and/or in any significant way what the test or assignment measures. Examples of accommodations include a student who is blind taking a Braille version of a test or a student taking a test alone in a quiet room.

Examples of accommodations include a student who is blind taking a Braille version of a test or a student taking a test alone in a quiet room.

Modifications are provided when the student is NOT expected to reach the same level of proficiency as their non-disabled peers. A modification is an adjustment to an assignment or a test that changes the standard or what the test or assignment is supposed to measure. Examples of modifications include a student completing work on part of a standard or a student completing an alternate assignment that is more easily achievable than the standard assignment.

Examples of modifications include a student completing work on part of a standard or a student completing an alternate assignment that is more easily achievable than the standard assignment.

Prior Written Notice (PWN)

Prior Written Notice (PWN) stephanieP

Prior Written Notice (PWN)

Have you requested an evaluation, a re-evaluation, or a change to your child’s IEP (Individualized Education Program)?  Did you get a Prior Written Notice (PWN) in response?

This toolkit explains why PWNs are important, and what to do if you have not received one, or if a PWN has only very general information. 

Prior Written Notice (PWN):

A requirement under special education rules when a district proposes, or refuses, to initiate or change the identification, evaluation, placement or provision of “FAPE” (free appropriate public education).

A PWN is also a powerful tool to help understand what decisions have been made and why. For students who have an IEP, or might need one, there are many steps in an ongoing process of evaluation, planning and delivery of services. Having a clear written record of significant decisions and the reasons for them is critical.

A Prior Written Notice (PWN) is:

  • a written document
  • from the district, to the parents
  • provided after a decision is made, but prior to/before it is implemented
  • that is required under the special education rules
  • for decisions relating to a child’s identification, evaluation, placement or provision of special education services, including those:
    • made at an IEP meeting or
    • made by the district in response to a parent’s request.

PWNs must describe the decision made, the reasons for it, other options considered, and information relied upon to make the decision. They must also provide parents information about their rights if they do not agree with the decision.

Districts must translate PWNs into the parent’s native language, unless it is clearly not feasible to do so. 

Tip: Review the PWN attached to the Updated IEP

After your IEP meeting, look to see if there is a PWN attached to the back of the updated IEP. If it includes only very general statements, like “The team decided to update the IEP” because “it is required to be done annually,” do not hesitate to ask for a more complete PWN.

Sometimes the IEP will reflect a decision made at the meeting (for example if a team decides some specially designed instruction will shift from a resource room to a general education setting, the service matrix would be changed). However, an IEP would not reflect a request for a change that was ultimately denied. And the IEP itself doesn’t generally describe reasons why a change is made.

Without a PWN, important decisions, and reasons for them, may be lost to memory.

If you do not receive a PWN or the PWN does not reflect significant decisions an IEP team made, you can request that the district provide one. 

Didn’t get a PWN? Didn’t see a significant decision reflected in the PWN you received?

Here are three variations on sample requests for a PWN:

"Dear IEP Case manager (or special education teacher),

Thank you for talking with me about my request for __(e.g., an initial evaluation; an early re-evaluation; a Functional Behavior Assessment; other). Please provide me with a Prior Written Notice with the district’s response to this request and confirm the next steps for moving forward."

After an IEP meeting

"Dear IEP Case manager (or special education teacher),

Thank you for getting the IEP team together discuss __(e.g. request for one-on-one support; increased time in general education; concerns about behavior referrals; other). I understand the next steps will be __________. Please provide me a Prior Written Notice to reflect the team’s decision on this issue and a copy of the amended IEP (if relevant)."

For a revised PWN

"Dear IEP Case Manager,

Thank you for providing me with a copy of the updated IEP after our annual meeting. I have reviewed the IEP and the attached PWN. I noticed that the PWN does not include information regarding our discussion and conclusions relating to _(e.g. increasing/decreasing service minutes; assistive technology; other). Please provide me with a revised PWN that reflects the decision on this/these issue(s). Please be sure the entire PWN is translated into _(my native language)___."

Sincerely,

Parent

Read more about PWNs in your Special Education Notice of Procedural Safeguards and in OSPI’s Understanding PWN short guidance. Review special education rule on Prior Notice at: WAC 392-172A-05010. To see what a PWN looks like, find one on OSPI’s Model Forms for Special Education page.

Functional Behavioral Assessments & Behavior Intervention Plans (FBAs & BIPs)

Functional Behavioral Assessments & Behavior Intervention Plans (FBAs & BIPs) stephanieP

Functional Behavioral Assessments & Behavior Intervention Plans (FBAs & BIPs)

Students face a variety of behavior expectations at school. They are generally expected to sit quietly, listen to the teacher, walk, not run, use indoor voices, and respect others.  This list could be endless if we tried to include all expectations at different grade levels, in different settings, and the many different approaches to behavior in different classrooms and schools.

Students need opportunities to learn behavior expectations, just as they need opportunities to learn reading, writing and math.

They need opportunity to learn what expected behaviors look like, how to meet the expectations, and why they matter. They need opportunities to practice, to learn from mistakes, and to receive positive feedback when they meet expectations.

When schools share information with families about behavior expectations, families can help reinforce the learning at home. 

If a student is struggling to meet behavior expectations, a first step is to check that the student understands what is expected, and how to meet expectations.

If a student’s behavior is getting in the way of learning, and it continues after attempts to address it, schools and families can work together to better understand where it is coming from, and what a student might be communicating through the behavior. 

If attempts to address behavior have not been successful, and the behavior is interfering with learning, a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) may be necessary to understand the “function” or purpose of the behavior, and to help guide effective, positive interventions.

An FBA is required in some circumstances when a child with a disability is suspended or expelled for 10 days or more. An FBA can be a useful tool for supporting any child, with or without a disability. 

If you are concerned that your child’s behaviors are getting in the way of learning, are leading to repeated disciplinary actions, or are keeping your child from having more time in a general education setting, you can ask the school to do an FBA and develop a BIP.

For more information, take a look at OEO’s FAQs on FBAs and BIPs, Checklists: Things to Look for in an FBA and BIP and Sample Letters for Requesting an FBA and Reviewing a BIP.

What is a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)?

Overview:

A Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) is:

  • A problem-solving process to try to understand the functions of behavior.
  • It can also be a type of evaluation for an individual student to understand their behavior.

An FBA generally includes observation and data collection, looking at:

  • The environment where the behavior occurs;
  • The ABCs:– the Antecedents (what happens before the behavior), the Behavior itself, and the Consequences (what happens after the behavior); and
  • Other factors that may be influencing the behavior.

An FBA leads to a hypothesis about what “function” or purpose a behavior serves, so a team can identify alternative “replacement” behaviors that can serve the same function, or meet the same need, without interfering with learning.

Information gathered in the FBA is generally used to develop a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP).

More Details:

A functional behavioral assessment (an “FBA”), is a type of evaluation used by a school district to determine the cause (or “function”) of behavior.

An FBA focuses on a particular behavior of concern, or “target behavior.” Using various methods, often including observation, data collection, and interviews, the FBA tries to identify what leads to the behavior and what keeps it going. It looks at whether the current responses to the behavior are unintentionally reinforcing it. It looks at what could be appropriate, “replacement” behaviors to meet the same need, without interfering with learning. 

An FBA helps answer questions about:

  • why a behavior occurs,
  • when and where it happens,
  • what generally comes before it, and
  • what happens afterward.

That information is used to design and target positive interventions to teach and support the student in replacing inappropriate behaviors with appropriate behaviors.

Under special education rules, a parent’s consent is required for an evaluation, including an FBA.

What is this behavior communicating?

Our behaviors (what we do), can communicate a lot about what we think, feel, want or need. Exactly what a behavior is communicating is often not clear, and can be misinterpreted.

We might safely assume that a student clapping and smiling is communicating approval, and that a student shaking their head side to side is communicating “no.” 

  • What about a student crying? Is that communicating sadness? Frustration?
  • What about a student looking away and shaking their head in response to questions? Is that communicating confusion? Defiance? Exhaustion?

If we misinterpret the meaning of a behavior, our responses can be ineffective.

An FBA can help uncover the meaning(s) of a behavior that is getting in the way of learning, and effective ways to address it.    

How is an FBA different from other evaluations?

An FBA generally focuses on very specific, observable behaviors in a specific environment. An FBA considers how the environment of the classroom or other setting might be influencing a child’s behavior. 

Other types of behavior assessments, often included in comprehensive evaluations, look more broadly at a student’s behavior over time and in various settings.

In other words, an FBA generally looks specifically at behaviors that are getting in the way of learning where the child is at, and focuses on how those behaviors can best be addressed in that context.

When can I, or should I, ask for an FBA for my child?

Consider asking about an FBA if your child’s behavior appears to be interfering with your child’s own education, or with the education of others, and

  • it is not clear why the behavior is occurring; and
  • the teacher has tried different interventions to address the behavior but they haven’t been successful

Some specific examples of when you might ask about an FBA:    

  • your child’s behavior is identified as a barrier to spending more time in a general education classroom.
  • your child is sent out of the classroom frequently or for long periods of time for disruptive or inappropriate behavior;
  • your child is not participating in class or engaging with instruction on a regular basis (maybe putting their head down, falling asleep, or refusing to do work).

If you don’t know yet how often the behavior is occurring, or how frequently a child is removed from the classroom, the first step may be to ask the teacher and/or principal to start keeping track, in other words to start taking some data, on how often it is happening.

This can give you all a “baseline” or starting point, for understanding the situation.

How do I ask for an FBA for my child?

The best practice is to make a request for an FBA in writing. That can be by email, or by letter. Keep a copy for yourself. Check out the Sample Request for an FBA.

You can also make a request for an FBA in person at a meeting, or in a conversation with your child’s teacher or principal. It is important to follow up if you do not hear back about next steps, because sometimes verbal requests get lost in the busy day to day of school.

If you make the request for an FBA at an IEP meeting, be sure to check to see that the request and the team’s response to it is reflected in a Prior Written Notice (PWN) after the meeting. The Prior Written Notices help you and the others on your child’s IEP team keep track of important requests and decisions.

Who do I ask for an FBA?

There's no single right answer, but here are places to start:

  • If your child has an IEP, ask the IEP Case Manager or Special Education teacher
  • If your child has a 504 plan, ask the teacher and/or school counselor
  • If your child doesn't have an IEP or 504 plan, ask the teacher, school counselor and/or principal

What if I get no response?

If you make a request for an FBA and do not hear back in a few days, start by following up with the same person by email or phone.

If you still do not hear back, consider elevating the request to the principal, a school psychologist or a district special education supervisor.

What if the school says "No" to my request for an FBA?

If the initial response to a request for an FBA is “no,” consider requesting a meeting to discuss it.  At the meeting, be ready to share the reasons why you are requesting the FBA, and to listen to understand why the school or other team members think an FBA is not necessary.

Before the meeting, ask the school to gather information in order to share an update regarding your child’s recent behavior.

  • If your child has been removed from the classroom for behavior, ask the team to keep track of each time the student is removed, what it was for and how long it lasted; 
  • If you are concerned your child has been avoiding work, ask if the teacher or another team member could take some informal data or notes and report back regarding how often, for how long your child appears to be disengaged or off-task.  

After getting additional information, if it appears that a pattern of behavior is disrupting your child’s learning, you can ask the team to consider the request for an FBA again. If the school does not see a pattern of problem behavior, or believes there are additional interventions they can try first, ask to set a date to check in again to review how things are going. Set yourself a reminder to check in again in a month or two to see how things are going. 

If your child has an IEP, after the team has a chance to discuss and make a decision, be sure you check for a Prior Written Notice (PWN) documenting the decision and reasons for it. 

If you still disagree with the decision, and want to understand options for dispute resolution for students receiving or eligible for special education services, take a look at OEO’s Parent Guide on Protecting the Educational Rights of Students with Disabilities in Public Schools, and our Toolkit on Prior Written Notice.

FBAs and Discipline - When is an FBA required?

An FBA is sometimes required for students who have an IEP (Individualized Education Program), if the student is suspended or expelled for more than 10 school days. Specifically, a school is required to do an FBA and develop a BIP for any student who has an IEP if:

  • the student is suspended or expelled; and
  • the suspension or expulsion will be for more than 10 days; and
  • in making a manifestation determination, members of the child’s IEP team, including the parents, determine that the behavior that led to the suspension or expulsion was a “manifestation” of the disability – that is, it was caused by or had a direct and substantial relationship to the child’s disability.

This also applies if the student has been suspended or expelled several different times for shorter periods (less than 10 days), but the multiple suspensions or expulsions make a pattern that adds up to more than 10 days.

If a student’s behavior is determined not to be a manifestation of the disability, the rules recommend that the team do an FBA and develop a BIP to avoid similar behaviors from happening again.

You can find the details about requirements for FBAs for students with IEPs in the special education regulations, at in WAC Chapter 392-172A, available online at: https://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=392-172a&full=true.

To read more about discipline requirements for students who have an IEP, or meet the requirements for an IEP but have not yet been evaluated, see OEO’s Parent Guide on Protecting the Educational Rights of Students with Disabilities in Public Schools and OSPI’s Technical Assistance Paper No. 2 (TAP 2).

Who completes the FBA?

School districts generally decide which staff they will assign to complete FBAs. It might be a school psychologist, a behavior specialist, or a special education teacher. Often, the process starts with a team discussion about which behavior is the greatest concern, who will observe the student in order to take data about that behavior, and when and in what settings they will take the data.

Special education rules require that evaluations be completed by a person with the necessary experience and qualifications. The more complicated the behavior, the more likely it is that a specialist may be needed to help understand the functions of the behavior and identify effective interventions.

Are FBAs and BIPs only for students with IEPs or only certain kinds of IEPs?

No. Functional Behavior Assessments are a tool that schools and families can use to help understand and address challenging behaviors for any student.

The use of FBAs might be most familiar for students with IEPs because in some cases they are required (see the section on discipline). Also, special education rules require that IEP teams consider the use of “positive behavioral interventions and supports and other strategies” for any child with an IEP whose behavior is getting in the way of that own child’s learning, or of other students’ learning.  Developing an effective behavior intervention plan depends on first developing a good understanding of why the behavior is occurring, and that is what an FBA can do.

Can I request an Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE) if I disagree with the district’s FBA?

Yes, if it was for a child with an IEP.  Under special education rules, each time a district does an evaluation, if a parent disagrees with the results, the parent can request an Independent Educational Evaluation at district expense. An FBA that looks at an individual’s child’s behavior is a type of evaluation, so if a parent disagrees with the results, the parent can request an IEE at public expense.The district either can agree, or must initiate a due process hearing to defend its own evaluation. For details on IEEs, see: OEO’s Parent Guide on Protecting the Educational Rights of Students with Disabilities in Public Schools and OSPI’s Special Education page on Guidance for Families.

 

What is a Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP)?

Washington state’s special education rules define a Behavioral Intervention Plan, or BIP, as a plan that is incorporated into a child’s IEP if the team determines it is necessary, and that describes, at a minimum:

  • The pattern of behavior that is impeding (getting in the way of) the student’s learning or others;
  • The instructional and/or environmental conditions or circumstances that contribute to that pattern of behavior
  • The positive behavioral interventions and supports to:
    • reduce the behavior that is getting in the way of learning and increase desired prosocial behaviors and
    • ensure the plan is implemented consistently across the student’s school day, including classes and activities; and
  • The skills that will be taught and monitored as alternatives to the challenging behavior.

Most importantly, BIPs should describe an alternative behavior that the student will be taught to replace the inappropriate behavior – this is often called a “replacement behavior.”

The plan should identify what replacement behavior will be taught, how it will be taught, and who is responsible for teaching it to the student.

The plan should identify strategies and instruction that will

  • provide alternatives to challenging behaviors,
  • reinforce desired behaviors, and
  • reduce or eliminate the frequency and severity of challenging behaviors.

Positive behavioral interventions include the consideration of environmental factors that may trigger challenging behaviors and teaching your student the skills to manage her or his own behavior.

What do we mean by "Behavior"?

Behavior is everything we do – it can be words, actions, gestures or a combination of those. Behaviors can be observed; they can be seen or heard. 

Disruptive or “externalizing” behaviors, such has yelling, hitting, or breaking things, often draw the most attention, and discipline.

Other behaviors that are less obvious or disruptive to others can still be significant and interfere with a student’s own learning, like avoiding class or peer interactions, or engaging in self-harm.

If the behavior is persistent and is interfering with learning, you can ask about doing an FBA and developing a BIP to address it.

What is a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)?

What is a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA)?

Overview:

A Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) is:

  • A problem-solving process to try to understand the functions of behavior.
  • It can also be a type of evaluation for an individual student to understand their behavior.

An FBA generally includes observation and data collection, looking at:

  • The environment where the behavior occurs;
  • The ABCs:– the Antecedents (what happens before the behavior), the Behavior itself, and the Consequences (what happens after the behavior); and
  • Other factors that may be influencing the behavior.

An FBA leads to a hypothesis about what “function” or purpose a behavior serves, so a team can identify alternative “replacement” behaviors that can serve the same function, or meet the same need, without interfering with learning.

Information gathered in the FBA is generally used to develop a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP).

More Details:

A functional behavioral assessment (an “FBA”), is a type of evaluation used by a school district to determine the cause (or “function”) of behavior.

An FBA focuses on a particular behavior of concern, or “target behavior.” Using various methods, often including observation, data collection, and interviews, the FBA tries to identify what leads to the behavior and what keeps it going. It looks at whether the current responses to the behavior are unintentionally reinforcing it. It looks at what could be appropriate, “replacement” behaviors to meet the same need, without interfering with learning. 

An FBA helps answer questions about:

  • why a behavior occurs,
  • when and where it happens,
  • what generally comes before it, and
  • what happens afterward.

That information is used to design and target positive interventions to teach and support the student in replacing inappropriate behaviors with appropriate behaviors.

Under special education rules, a parent’s consent is required for an evaluation, including an FBA.

stephanieP

What is this behavior communicating?

What is this behavior communicating?

Our behaviors (what we do), can communicate a lot about what we think, feel, want or need. Exactly what a behavior is communicating is often not clear, and can be misinterpreted.

We might safely assume that a student clapping and smiling is communicating approval, and that a student shaking their head side to side is communicating “no.” 

  • What about a student crying? Is that communicating sadness? Frustration?
  • What about a student looking away and shaking their head in response to questions? Is that communicating confusion? Defiance? Exhaustion?

If we misinterpret the meaning of a behavior, our responses can be ineffective.

An FBA can help uncover the meaning(s) of a behavior that is getting in the way of learning, and effective ways to address it.    

stephanieP

How is an FBA different from other evaluations?

How is an FBA different from other evaluations?

An FBA generally focuses on very specific, observable behaviors in a specific environment. An FBA considers how the environment of the classroom or other setting might be influencing a child’s behavior. 

Other types of behavior assessments, often included in comprehensive evaluations, look more broadly at a student’s behavior over time and in various settings.

In other words, an FBA generally looks specifically at behaviors that are getting in the way of learning where the child is at, and focuses on how those behaviors can best be addressed in that context.

stephanieP

When can I, or should I, ask for an FBA for my child?

When can I, or should I, ask for an FBA for my child?

Consider asking about an FBA if your child’s behavior appears to be interfering with your child’s own education, or with the education of others, and

  • it is not clear why the behavior is occurring; and
  • the teacher has tried different interventions to address the behavior but they haven’t been successful

Some specific examples of when you might ask about an FBA:    

  • your child’s behavior is identified as a barrier to spending more time in a general education classroom.
  • your child is sent out of the classroom frequently or for long periods of time for disruptive or inappropriate behavior;
  • your child is not participating in class or engaging with instruction on a regular basis (maybe putting their head down, falling asleep, or refusing to do work).

If you don’t know yet how often the behavior is occurring, or how frequently a child is removed from the classroom, the first step may be to ask the teacher and/or principal to start keeping track, in other words to start taking some data, on how often it is happening.

This can give you all a “baseline” or starting point, for understanding the situation.

stephanieP

How do I ask for an FBA for my child?

How do I ask for an FBA for my child?

The best practice is to make a request for an FBA in writing. That can be by email, or by letter. Keep a copy for yourself. Check out the Sample Request for an FBA.

You can also make a request for an FBA in person at a meeting, or in a conversation with your child’s teacher or principal. It is important to follow up if you do not hear back about next steps, because sometimes verbal requests get lost in the busy day to day of school.

If you make the request for an FBA at an IEP meeting, be sure to check to see that the request and the team’s response to it is reflected in a Prior Written Notice (PWN) after the meeting. The Prior Written Notices help you and the others on your child’s IEP team keep track of important requests and decisions.

stephanieP

Who do I ask for an FBA?

Who do I ask for an FBA?

There's no single right answer, but here are places to start:

  • If your child has an IEP, ask the IEP Case Manager or Special Education teacher
  • If your child has a 504 plan, ask the teacher and/or school counselor
  • If your child doesn't have an IEP or 504 plan, ask the teacher, school counselor and/or principal

What if I get no response?

If you make a request for an FBA and do not hear back in a few days, start by following up with the same person by email or phone.

If you still do not hear back, consider elevating the request to the principal, a school psychologist or a district special education supervisor.

stephanieP

What if the school says "No" to my request for an FBA?

What if the school says "No" to my request for an FBA?

If the initial response to a request for an FBA is “no,” consider requesting a meeting to discuss it.  At the meeting, be ready to share the reasons why you are requesting the FBA, and to listen to understand why the school or other team members think an FBA is not necessary.

Before the meeting, ask the school to gather information in order to share an update regarding your child’s recent behavior.

  • If your child has been removed from the classroom for behavior, ask the team to keep track of each time the student is removed, what it was for and how long it lasted; 
  • If you are concerned your child has been avoiding work, ask if the teacher or another team member could take some informal data or notes and report back regarding how often, for how long your child appears to be disengaged or off-task.  

After getting additional information, if it appears that a pattern of behavior is disrupting your child’s learning, you can ask the team to consider the request for an FBA again. If the school does not see a pattern of problem behavior, or believes there are additional interventions they can try first, ask to set a date to check in again to review how things are going. Set yourself a reminder to check in again in a month or two to see how things are going. 

If your child has an IEP, after the team has a chance to discuss and make a decision, be sure you check for a Prior Written Notice (PWN) documenting the decision and reasons for it. 

If you still disagree with the decision, and want to understand options for dispute resolution for students receiving or eligible for special education services, take a look at OEO’s Parent Guide on Protecting the Educational Rights of Students with Disabilities in Public Schools, and our Toolkit on Prior Written Notice.

stephanieP

FBAs and Discipline - When is an FBA required?

FBAs and Discipline - When is an FBA required?

An FBA is sometimes required for students who have an IEP (Individualized Education Program), if the student is suspended or expelled for more than 10 school days. Specifically, a school is required to do an FBA and develop a BIP for any student who has an IEP if:

  • the student is suspended or expelled; and
  • the suspension or expulsion will be for more than 10 days; and
  • in making a manifestation determination, members of the child’s IEP team, including the parents, determine that the behavior that led to the suspension or expulsion was a “manifestation” of the disability – that is, it was caused by or had a direct and substantial relationship to the child’s disability.

This also applies if the student has been suspended or expelled several different times for shorter periods (less than 10 days), but the multiple suspensions or expulsions make a pattern that adds up to more than 10 days.

If a student’s behavior is determined not to be a manifestation of the disability, the rules recommend that the team do an FBA and develop a BIP to avoid similar behaviors from happening again.

You can find the details about requirements for FBAs for students with IEPs in the special education regulations, at in WAC Chapter 392-172A, available online at: https://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/default.aspx?cite=392-172a&full=true.

To read more about discipline requirements for students who have an IEP, or meet the requirements for an IEP but have not yet been evaluated, see OEO’s Parent Guide on Protecting the Educational Rights of Students with Disabilities in Public Schools and OSPI’s Technical Assistance Paper No. 2 (TAP 2).

stephanieP

Who completes the FBA?

Who completes the FBA?

School districts generally decide which staff they will assign to complete FBAs. It might be a school psychologist, a behavior specialist, or a special education teacher. Often, the process starts with a team discussion about which behavior is the greatest concern, who will observe the student in order to take data about that behavior, and when and in what settings they will take the data.

Special education rules require that evaluations be completed by a person with the necessary experience and qualifications. The more complicated the behavior, the more likely it is that a specialist may be needed to help understand the functions of the behavior and identify effective interventions.

stephanieP

Are FBAs and BIPs only for students with IEPs or only certain kinds of IEPs?

Are FBAs and BIPs only for students with IEPs or only certain kinds of IEPs?

No. Functional Behavior Assessments are a tool that schools and families can use to help understand and address challenging behaviors for any student.

The use of FBAs might be most familiar for students with IEPs because in some cases they are required (see the section on discipline). Also, special education rules require that IEP teams consider the use of “positive behavioral interventions and supports and other strategies” for any child with an IEP whose behavior is getting in the way of that own child’s learning, or of other students’ learning.  Developing an effective behavior intervention plan depends on first developing a good understanding of why the behavior is occurring, and that is what an FBA can do.

stephanieP

Can I request an Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE) if I disagree with the district’s FBA?

Can I request an Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE) if I disagree with the district’s FBA?

Yes, if it was for a child with an IEP.  Under special education rules, each time a district does an evaluation, if a parent disagrees with the results, the parent can request an Independent Educational Evaluation at district expense. An FBA that looks at an individual’s child’s behavior is a type of evaluation, so if a parent disagrees with the results, the parent can request an IEE at public expense.The district either can agree, or must initiate a due process hearing to defend its own evaluation. For details on IEEs, see: OEO’s Parent Guide on Protecting the Educational Rights of Students with Disabilities in Public Schools and OSPI’s Special Education page on Guidance for Families.

 

stephanieP

What is a Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP)?

What is a Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP)?

Washington state’s special education rules define a Behavioral Intervention Plan, or BIP, as a plan that is incorporated into a child’s IEP if the team determines it is necessary, and that describes, at a minimum:

  • The pattern of behavior that is impeding (getting in the way of) the student’s learning or others;
  • The instructional and/or environmental conditions or circumstances that contribute to that pattern of behavior
  • The positive behavioral interventions and supports to:
    • reduce the behavior that is getting in the way of learning and increase desired prosocial behaviors and
    • ensure the plan is implemented consistently across the student’s school day, including classes and activities; and
  • The skills that will be taught and monitored as alternatives to the challenging behavior.

Most importantly, BIPs should describe an alternative behavior that the student will be taught to replace the inappropriate behavior – this is often called a “replacement behavior.”

The plan should identify what replacement behavior will be taught, how it will be taught, and who is responsible for teaching it to the student.

The plan should identify strategies and instruction that will

  • provide alternatives to challenging behaviors,
  • reinforce desired behaviors, and
  • reduce or eliminate the frequency and severity of challenging behaviors.

Positive behavioral interventions include the consideration of environmental factors that may trigger challenging behaviors and teaching your student the skills to manage her or his own behavior.

What do we mean by "Behavior"?

Behavior is everything we do – it can be words, actions, gestures or a combination of those. Behaviors can be observed; they can be seen or heard. 

Disruptive or “externalizing” behaviors, such has yelling, hitting, or breaking things, often draw the most attention, and discipline.

Other behaviors that are less obvious or disruptive to others can still be significant and interfere with a student’s own learning, like avoiding class or peer interactions, or engaging in self-harm.

If the behavior is persistent and is interfering with learning, you can ask about doing an FBA and developing a BIP to address it.

stephanieP

What if my child already has a BIP but is still struggling with behavior?

What if my child already has a BIP but is still struggling with behavior?

If a child’s behaviors continue even after a BIP has been developed and implemented, or if new challenging behaviors start, consider asking for a meeting to review the current plan and consider next steps.

Before the meeting, you can ask the team working with your child to share the data collected under the current behavior plan. As the team reviews the most recent data regarding your child’s behavior, you can consider whether:

  • There is enough information to make changes to the current BIP and continue to track progress; or
  • The team needs updated information about the possible purposes and triggers of your child’s behavior.

If new, updated information is needed, a new FBA can be done to help design an updated BIP.

Generally, new behavioral interventions will take time to show results, and the team may want to allow at least six weeks or a month and a half to give your child time to learn the new expected behavior.

stephanieP

Where can I learn more about FBAs and BIPs?

Where can I learn more about FBAs and BIPs?

Washington State Special Education Rules (the WACs):

https://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=392-172A&full=true

OSPI (Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction):

Guidance for Families re Behavior and Discipline:

https://ospi.k12.wa.us/student-success/special-education/family-engagement-and-guidance/behavior-and-discipline

Model State Forms for Special Education, including FBAs and BIPs:

https://ospi.k12.wa.us/student-success/special-education/program-improvement/model-forms-services-students-special-education

U.S. Department of Education Dear Colleague Letter

Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports in IEPs, August 1, 2016:

https://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/school-discipline/files/dcl-on-pbis-in-ieps--08-01-2016.pdf

stephanieP

Checklist: What things should I look for in an FBA?

Checklist: What things should I look for in an FBA?

Things to look for in an FBA

  • Does it define a specific behavior that is observable and measurable
    • Can you picture it in your mind?
    • Would a stranger imagine the same behavior if they read the description?
    • If it says something general like “disruptive behavior” – ask for a more concrete, specific definition. (see examples below)
  • Does it explain how often, when and where that behavior occurs?
    • Is there recent data showing how often it has been happening?
    • Does the information describe how often and when the behavior is occurring in your child’s current placement or setting?  (if the placement has changed since the FBA was completed, a new look may be needed).
  • Does it consider environmental factors?
    • ​​​​​​​Does it consider how the dynamics of the classroom, hallways, lunchroom, gym or recess might influence the behavior?
    • ​​​​​​​Does it consider how instruction – both what is taught and how it is taught – might influence the behavior? 
    • ​​​​​​​Does it consider how interaction with peers or adults might influence the behavior?
  • Does it reflect information you have been able to share regarding your child’s behavior, including:
    • ​​​​​​​Whether/when/how often the behaviors that occur in the classroom or at school also happen in other settings;
    • ​​​​​​​What you have observed regarding what seems to trigger inappropriate behaviors; and
    • ​​​​​​​What you have found seems to be successful in calming, redirecting or motivating your child.
  • Does it take into account information about your child’s mental health? Or experience with trauma, if that is relevant?
  • Does it include a suggestion about the purpose of the behavior that makes sense in light of the data?

Examples: General versus Concrete or Specific Behaviors

Examples: General Examples: Concrete, Specific
Aggressive behavior Hitting, biting, kicking, pinching (self, adults, or other students), etc.
Self-injurious behavior Hitting head, biting fingers, scratching, etc.
Disruptive behavior Blurting out in class, making noises, slamming door, etc.
Time off task Sleeping, walking around classroom, throwing or dropping papers, pencils, etc.
stephanieP

Checklist: What should I look for in a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)?

Checklist: What should I look for in a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)?

Things to look for in a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP)

  • Does it describe a specific behavior that the team is going to work on reducing?
  • Does it describe a specific, appropriate alternative or “replacement” behavior that the team is going to help your child learn and practice?
  • Does it explain to adults working with your child what they can do in order to avoid things that trigger your child’s inappropriate behavior?
  • Does it describe warning signs that might mean your child is getting upset?
  • Does it explain to adults working with your child what they can do to help your child feel safe and de-escalate if they get upset?
  • Does it describe a set of things that your child likes that can be used to reinforce and reward your child for positive behavior? 
  • Does it include a plan to taking data to see how the interventions are working?    
stephanieP

Sample Letter: How do I request a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)?

Sample Letter: How do I request a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)?

Request for a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)

Date:

Dear IEP Case Manager/Special Education Teacher or Principal 

Re: Request for FBA

I am requesting a Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) for my child.[Add child's full name]

I am concerned that my child’s behavior is interfering with their education. [Add more detail here, for example: they are not making progress on IEP goals or it is keeping them from spending more time in general education.]

I am also requesting an IEP team (or 504 team) meeting to discuss a plan for the FBA. [Make a note here if there are specific people you want to have at the meeting. For example: I would like the school psychologist or a district behavior specialist to attend the meeting.] 

I can meet on: _______________[Add dates/times].

I look forward to your response. 

Sincerely,

__________________________________

(Signature)

stephanieP

Sample Letter: How do I request a review of a Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP)?

Sample Letter: How do I request a review of a Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP)?

Request for Review of a Behavioral Intervention Plan (BIP)

Date:

Dear IEP Case Manager/Special Education Teacher

Re: Request for Meeting to Review My Child’s Behavior Plan

I am requesting an IEP team (504 team) meeting to review my child’s Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP).

At the meeting, I hope we can review recent behavior data and talk about how the plan is working.

At least a few days before the meeting, please send me copies of the data collected over the past (months/weeks/year) relating to the behavior plan. 

I can meet on: __________ [dates/times].

I look forward to your response.

Sincerely,

__________________________________

(Signature)

stephanieP

School Discipline Rules for Students with Disabilities

School Discipline Rules for Students with Disabilities stephanieP

School Discipline Rules for Students with Disabilities

The Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction (OSPI) filed emergency rules clarifying and updating Chapter 392-400 WAC Student Discipline (see OSPI Rulemaking Activity website). OSPI plans to also conduct permanent rulemaking concerning Student Discipline. The emergency rules are effective immediately and the permanent rules are anticipated to be in effect by the 2025–26 school year. Read more: New Emergency Discipline Rules From OSPI Now In Effect.

In 2016, major changes were made to school discipline law in Washington state that apply to all

public school students. The changes include:

  • new limits on the maximum length of suspensions and expulsions;
  • new limits on the reasons students can be suspended or expelled for more than 10 school days;
  • new requirements for districts to provide educational services during any suspensions or expulsions; and
  • new requirements for culturally responsive and culturally sensitive re-engagement meetings.

Students with disabilities are protected by these new changes, in addition to the protections in special education rules.

When can students be suspended or expelled for more than 10 school days?

Under special education rules, except in special circumstances, schools may not suspend or expel a student with disabilities for more than 10 school days if the conduct was a “manifestation” of the student’s disability or was due to the district’s failure to implement the IEP. Now, under discipline rules that apply to ALL students, schools may not suspend or expel ANY student for more than 10 school days unless the conduct fits within one of 4 categories of “non-discretionary offenses.”

Those categories include:

  1. A violation of the prohibition against firearms on school premises, transportation, or facilities;
  2. Certain violent offenses, sex offenses, offenses related to liquor, controlled substances, toxic inhalants, certain crimes related to firearms, assault, kidnapping, harassment, and arson;
  3. Two or more violations within a three-year period of criminal gang intimidation or other gang activity on school grounds, possessing dangerous weapons on school facilities, willfully disobeying school administrators or refusing to leave public property, or defacing or injuring school property; or
  4. Behavior that adversely impacts the health or safety of other students or educational staff.

If the student’s conduct does not fall within one of those categories, the student MAY NOT be suspended or expelled for more than 10 school days.

When does a district have to provide Educational Services?

Under special education rules, if a student with an IEP is removed for more than 10 school days for disciplinary reasons, the district must provide educational services in an “Interim Alternative Education Setting.” The services must allow the student to continue to make progress on their IEP goals and to continue participating in the general education curriculum. The setting is determined by the IEP team. Under the new discipline rules, now, ALL students must have an opportunity to access educational services during ANY suspension or expulsion, even if it is less than 10 school days.

What kind of meeting is required when a student is suspended for more than 10 days?

When a student is suspended or expelled for more than 10 school days, the school must invite the family and the student to a RE-ENGAGEMENT meeting to develop a plan to support the student’s successful return to school. Families must have an opportunity to give meaningful input to the plan. Re- engagement plans must be culturally sensitive and culturally responsive. A re-engagement meeting must be held either:

  • Within 20 days of the start of the suspension or expulsion if it is for longer than 20 days; or
  • No later than 5 days before the student will return to school if the suspension or expulsion is less than 20 days.

Where you can have an impact:

  • Ask the school how you can get educational services started right away, even if the student will not be out for more than 10 school days.
  • Review the list of “non-discretionary offenses” and consider whether a long-term suspension or expulsion is permitted for the kind of conduct involved.
  • If the student will be out for more than 10 school days, talk with the school and district about planning in advance for the student’s re-engagement with school.
  • Remember, students with disabilities and their parents have the same rights to appeal suspensions or expulsions as any student. The protections in special education rules are in addition to those basic rights.

For more information about re-engagement meetings, and to find tips for families, check out OEO’s webpage on Suspensions, Expulsions and Discipline: https://www.oeo.wa.gov/en/education-issues/discipline-suspensions-and-expulsions.

Steps that Schools Must Take to Discipline Students with Disabilities

What is a school district supposed to do if my student with a disability breaks a school rule that would normally require suspension for more than 10 school days or an expulsion?

  1. Give notice.
  2. Have a manifestation determination meeting.
  3. Look at the behavior and develop a functional behavior plan.

A change in placement occurs when a student who receives special education services is removed from school for a period of more than 10 school days in a row or experiences a pattern of shorter removals that over time exceed 10 school days. Long term suspensions and expulsions are considered a change of placement. If the district wants to order a change of placement for a student receiving special education services, it must follow the steps outlined above before the change can be implemented. School district staff may consider any unique circumstances on a case-by-case basis when deciding whether to order a change in placement for a student with a disability who violates a code of conduct.

What notice is required when a school district wants to remove my student with disabilities from school for any period of time?

The school district must give written notice of the decision to remove the student AND describe the procedural protections available.

Notice must be given no later than the date that the decision to remove the student is made. The law says the written notice must be given to parents of the disciplined student.

What is a manifestation determination and why is it important when my student who receives special education services gets disciplined at school?

A manifestation determination is what a district must do when a student is facing a suspension or expulsion for more than 10 school days. The manifestation determination requires the school district, the parent and relevant members of the student’s IEP Team to meet and consider whether the student’s behavior is related to their disability.

This meeting has huge consequences for a student and the stability of the student’s educational placement.

If there is a relationship between the disability and the behavior, then the student cannot be punished, and several things must happen. The student must be allowed to return to the educational placement that he or she attended prior to the disciplinary removal unless special circumstances (described below) exist or unless the parent and the district agree otherwise. In addition, the student must receive a functional behavior assessment and behavior intervention plan or have their existing plan reviewed and modified, as necessary, to address the behavior.

If it is determined that there is no relationship between the disability and the behavior, then the disciplinary procedures concerning non-disabled students can be applied, and the student can be suspended or expelled. However, the school 1) must provide educational services to the student, although services may be provided in an interim alternative educational setting and 2) perform, as appropriate, a functional behavior assessment and develop a behavior intervention plan.

See “Weapons, Drugs, Serious Bodily Injury, Dangerous Behavior and Interim Alternative Educational Settings” below for information on special circumstances when a student can be removed from their educational placement even if it is decided at a manifestation determination meeting that the student’s behavior was related to their disability.

Where you can have an impact

Act quickly if your student is excluded from school. It may be several days before you receive notice or information about why they are not allowed to return.

Be sure to contact the person in charge of discipline and let them know that your student has a disability.

If the school proposes to keep your student out of school for more than ten school days, it is important that the school district is quick to schedule a meeting regarding the behavior and its relationship to your student’s disability.

Monitoring discipline issues and being aware of the rights of students with disabilities will reduce the number of days your student is without educational services.

Bring the needs of your student to the attention of school district administration. If you think that the school administration is not listening to you, call the district’s Director of Special Education.

Ask for an IEP or 504 meeting.

Ask that educational services be provided during the period of exclusion.

When does the manifestation determination meeting have to take place?

The manifestation determination must take place immediately, if possible, but in no case later than 10 school days after the date the district decides to change the placement of the student for disciplinary reasons.

Who is a part of the manifestation determination meeting?

The district, the parents and relevant members of the IEP Team.

IDEA says the manifestation determination team consists of the parent and those members of the IEP Team the parents and school district determine to be relevant to the decision making, implying not all IEP Team members need to be present. Note you can always ask for certain members to be present if you think the information they have will be valuable to the manifestation determination process.

Throughout this publication, we will refer to the team that makes decisions at a manifestation determination meeting as the “manifestation determination team.” If we are referring to situations where the full IEP Team is present, we will indicate “IEP Team.”

What does the manifestation determination team consider when conducting the manifestation determination?

The manifestation determination team must take into consideration all relevant information.

The manifestation determination team must consider:

  • Evaluation and diagnostic results, including those provided by the parents of the student
  • Observations of the student
  • The student’s individualized education program.

What questions must the manifestation determination team ask as part of the manifestation determination?

Under IDEA and state special education law, the manifestation determination team must ask:

  1. Was the student’s conduct caused by, or did it have a direct and substantial relationship to, the student’s disability?
  2. Was the conduct the direct result of the school district’s failure to implement the current IEP?

If after consideration the manifestation determination team determines that the answer is “YES” to either of the above questions, then the behavior must be considered a manifestation of the student’s disability and the discipline cannot be imposed. The student must be allowed to return to the educational placement they attended prior to the disciplinary removal unless special circumstances exist or unless the parent and the district agree otherwise. If it is determined the student’s behavior was the direct result of the district’s failure to implement the student’s IEP, the district must take immediate steps to ensure the IEP is implemented.

In some cases, a student may be acting out because the services or programs outlined in the IEP are inappropriate, even though the IEP is being implemented. IDEA does not prevent the parents or advocate from also asking that the manifestation determination team consider whether the IEP was appropriate at the time the behavior occurred. In addition, you can always ask for another meeting with the IEP Team and request that the IEP Team change the IEP or your student’s placement because your student needs additional services or a different educational setting to be successful.

Weapons, Drugs, Serious Bodily Injury, Dangerous Behavior, and Interim Alternative Educational Settings

There are four special circumstances in which a student receiving special education services can be removed from their current placement immediately, and for up to 45 school days regardless of whether the behavior was a manifestation of the student’s disability. They include when the disciplinary incident involves weapons, drugs or serious bodily injury.

The district can ask a judge to order the student removed for up to 45 school days.

No matter how or why the student is removed from school, students who receive special education services must continue to get educational services in an alternative setting. This alternative setting is called an interim alternative education setting or IAES. The IEP Team determines the interim setting.

Guns/weapons

District may remove student to an IAES for up to 45 school days

Drugs

District may remove student to an IAES for up to 45 school days

Serious Bodily Injury

District may remove student to an IAES for up to 45 school days

Dangerous Behavior

District may ask a judge to remove a student to an IAES for up to 45 school days

What can happen to a student who receives special education services if the student brings a weapon to school?

A district can remove a student to another educational setting for up to 45 school days if the student possesses a weapon or carries a weapon to school or to a school function. “Weapon” means a weapon, device, material, or substance, or animate or inanimate instrument that is used for, or is readily capable of, causing death or serious bodily injury. A weapon does not include a pocketknife with a blade of less 2 ½ inches long. Note: this is a different definition of weapon than the definition used in general education discipline laws and regulations.

What can happen to a student receiving special education services who has, uses, or sells drugs at school?

A district can remove the student to another educational setting for up to 45 school days if the student knowingly possesses or uses illegal drugs or sells or solicits the sale of a controlled substance while at school or a school function.

What can happen to a student receiving special education services who causes serious bodily harm to another person?

IDEA added a fourth category of misconduct which could lead a school to remove a student receiving special education services to an IAES. A district can remove a student to another educational setting for up to 45 school days if the student has inflicted serious bodily injury on another person while at school or at a school function. “Serious bodily injury” means bodily injury which involves:

  1. a substantial risk of death,
  2. extreme physical pain,
  3. protracted and obvious disfigurement or,
  4. protracted loss or impairment of the function of a bodily member, organ or mental faculty.

What can a district do when it believes a student’s behavior is dangerous?

The district’s authority to automatically remove a student to an Interim Alternative Educational Setting (IAES) is limited to situations where there are drugs, weapons or serious bodily injury involved. If the district believes a student is engaging in dangerous behavior for another reason and wants to remove the student from the current special education program, the school needs to request a due process hearing and ask the hearing officer to order the student to an IAES for up to 45 school days. A hearing officer has the authority to change a student’s placement for 45 school days if maintaining the current placement is substantially likely to result in injury to the student or to others.

If the school district is successful in getting the hearing officer to order the student out of school, the district still has a responsibility to provide the student with an education.

Where you can have an impact

Review the IEP. Consider whether the proposed 45-day placement is a setting that can meet your student’s needs. If not, ask the IEP Team to consider additional services or a different setting.

Limitations on Discipline and Removal of Students with Disabilities

When considering whether to discipline a student with a disability, a district must first comply with the steps outlined in the previous section— notice, manifestation determination and examination of the functional behavior. If the relevant members of the IEP Team decide the behavior was not a manifestation of the disability, the district may proceed with disciplining the student. But there are limitations on how the district can discipline students receiving special education services.

How long can a student receiving special education services be removed from school without educational services?

See important changes in discipline laws at the start of this web page.

Schools can order removals of less than 10 school days in the same school year for separate incidents of misconduct if the removals do not constitute a pattern of exclusion which is a change of placement and needs to be addressed through the IEP process. A series of removals—one day here, another day there—can be a pattern the IEP needs to address. To determine whether a series of removals is a pattern, consider the length of removals, the total amount of time, the proximity of one to the other, and the reason for the removals.

What educational services should be provided to a student who receives special education services if the student is removed from school for more than 10 school days in the same school year?

The school must continue to provide the services and program described in the student’s IEP, even if the student is suspended or expelled from school.

During any exclusion from school for more than 10 school days in the same school year, the school district must provide another educational setting where the student’s IEP can be implemented. The setting should be one allowing the student to participate in the general education curriculum and to progress towards achieving the goals set out in the IEP.

For example, if the student has goals and objectives to help improve social skills with peers, the alternative setting should allow opportunities and instruction for those peer interactions. A tutoring program at home is not enough. The alternative setting should also include services and modifications designed to address the behavior that resulted in the removal, so the behavior does not recur. The IEP Team makes the decision on what setting is appropriate if the removal is for more than 10 consecutive school days or constitutes a change of placement.

Where you can have an impact

Keep track of the number of days your student has been out of school. See important changes in discipline laws at the start of this webpage. Request educational services in an alternative setting.

Put your request in writing.

Protections for Students with Disabilities Who Have Not Been Found Eligible for Special Education

What are my student’s rights if they may have a disability but weren’t evaluated or found eligible for special education before being disciplined?

In some cases, students can get the same protections they would have had if they had been eligible for special education services before the disciplinary incident.

If you think your student may have a disability and your student is being disciplined but they have not yet been found eligible for special education services, then ask this question:

“Did the district know my student should have been evaluated or should have been receiving special education services?”

A student can get all of the protections for students receiving special education services if the district had knowledge of the student’s disability before the behavior resulting in disciplinary action.

What constitutes whether a district “had knowledge” of my student’s disability as described in the law?

Under IDEA and state special education law, the district had knowledge if:

  • The parent expressed concerns in writing to supervisory, administrative staff of the district, or the teacher, that the student was in need of special education and related services or,
  • The parent has specifically requested an evaluation of the student or,
  • The student’s teacher has expressed specific concerns about the behavior or performance of the student to the district’s special education director or other special education supervisory personnel.

When can a district argue it did not have knowledge that my student had a disability before the behavior resulting in discipline occurred?

School districts are not considered to have knowledge of a student’s disability if the parent has refused a special education evaluation or special education services or if the student was evaluated and not found to be a student with a disability.

What if the district did not have knowledge of my student’s disability before the behavior resulting in discipline?

An evaluation can still be requested.

If you suspect your student has a disability but the district did not have knowledge of the disability, a request can still be made for an evaluation to see if your student is eligible for and needs special education services. This request for evaluation can take place during the time your student is out of school on the expulsion or suspension.

What if a request for evaluation is made during the time that my student is being disciplined?

The law requires the evaluation to take place quickly.

If an evaluation is requested during a period of disciplinary exclusion, the law requires the evaluation to be completed in an expedited or quick manner. It does not matter if the district knew about the disability previously. There is no set timeline in the law for completion of this expedited evaluation. It can probably be assumed that expedited means more quickly than the amount of time allowed when an evaluation is being done under normal circumstances when discipline is not an issue. Under the normal special education procedures, the district has 35 school days to complete the evaluation after receiving parental consent.

What if my child is found eligible for special education during the time they are suspended or expelled?

If a student is found eligible during the period of removal from school, the school district must start providing special education and related services.

What to do if Students with Disabilities are Wrongly Disciplined

What kind of things might indicate my student with disabilities is being wrongly disciplined?

There are several things to watch out for.

There are a variety of ways a student with a disability may be wrongly disciplined. Some examples are:

  • Notice was not given.
  • There are no IEP meetings to discuss functional behavior or a manifestation determination for a change in placement.
  • The functional behavior was never properly examined when problems first arose.
  • A behavior intervention plan was not put in place to deal with the student’s behavior in a good way.
  • The manifestation determination was not done correctly:
    • The right questions were not considered.
    • The decision was not based on enough data.
    • The group making the decision was not made up of the right people.
    • The decision the behavior was not related to the disability seems wrong.
  • If discipline is imposed:
    • It is too harsh for the behavior.
    • It is longer than 10 school days in a row.
    • It is more than 10 school days over time and it looks like a pattern that excludes the student from their IEP.
    • It is for 45 school days and the incident did not involve drugs, weapons or serious bodily injury, or it was not imposed by a hearing officer at a discipline hearing.
    • The student did not behave in the way the district says he or she behaved.

What can be done if my student with disabilities is being wrongly disciplined?

Your student can assert all the rights of a non-disabled student, as well as rights under special education law.

Students with disabilities can ask for both a special education due process hearing and a general education discipline hearing. Note there are limitations on who may ask for a special education due process hearing.

Think of these two procedures as two parallel roads running side by side. There can be cars traveling on both, perhaps at different speeds, but both going the same direction. It is the same when both a discipline and special education hearing are being scheduled. The two hearings are addressing some of the same issues, but they may not be directly related.

In most cases, if a special education matter is being pursued, the district should stop the general education discipline hearing process and resolve the special education issues before going on with the general discipline proceedings.

Ordinarily, if a special education due process hearing is requested, the student has a right to remain in their special education program until the hearing is resolved. This right is called “STAY PUT” and it refers to the student’s legal right to stay in the current educational program until a decision is made in the due process hearing. Despite stay put, the district may try to have the student removed through a separate court action or hearing.

There is a new and important exception to this rule under IDEA. If the parent requests a hearing to contest the discipline and 1) the student is in an interim alternative educational setting due to special circumstances (weapons, drugs, serious bodily injury or dangerous behavior) or 2) the student is in an interim alternative educational setting because the student’s behavior was not found to be related to the disability at the manifestation meeting, the student must remain in the IAES until the hearing officer makes a decision or until the end of the disciplinary removal, whichever comes first. (The parent and the district can agree otherwise.)

However, the school district must arrange for the hearing to take place within 20 school days of the request, and the hearing officer must make a decision within 10 school days of the hearing. In addition, a resolution session must take place within 7 calendar days of the request for a hearing unless the district and parent agree in writing to waive this process.

Where you can have an impact

Students with disabilities have all the rights given to general education students who are disciplined.

Review the Office of the Education Ombuds’ webpage Discipline, Suspensions and Expulsions to learn more about challenging general education discipline.

Make sure you request a general education discipline hearing within the timelines stated in the discipline notice. You can cancel the hearing if the situation is resolved through the special education process.

If your student is eligible for special education services and is out of school for more than 10 school days, even for discipline reasons, the district must provide services to implement your student’s IEP. If a hearing has been requested and your student is out of school while waiting for the decision, be sure to remind the district of this obligation. You may not be able to assert “stay put” and have your child return to the educational placement, but they should not sit at home without any services in place!

Behavior Charged as a Crime

Can the school district call the police when a student with a disability gets in trouble?

Yes, schools may report crimes committed by students with disabilities and non-disabled students.

What if the incident is filed as a crime?

If the misconduct at school is referred to juvenile court and is charged as a crime, the youth will have either a public defender or other criminal defense attorney to advise and represent them on these charges. A youth who has been charged with a crime as a result of alleged misbehavior at school should immediately consult with a criminal defense attorney before discussing their school discipline case. For example, it may not be a good idea for the youth to make statements in a school discipline or due process hearing if the criminal matter has not been resolved. Those statements could be used against the youth in the criminal case.

The defense attorney should also be made aware of any disabilities that might affect whether the youth should be charged. For example, if the young person has a very low I.Q., the court may decide it isn’t right to take care of the matter in juvenile court.

Conclusion

All students are entitled to an education that helps prepare them for life. If students are disabled in some way, they may have a right to a vast array of services and accommodations to help them succeed. If your student needs more help than they are getting in school, advocate for special education services.

Students with disabilities also cannot be punished in school for behavior related to or the result of a disability. School districts must follow specific rules when seeking to punish a student with a disability. Notice of the intent to discipline must be given, the behavior must be examined and planned for, and a team of people must determine whether the behavior was related to the disability.

Even if the concerning behavior is not related to the disability, there are significant limits on how a student with a disability can be disciplined. Students with disabilities have strong protections under the law ensuring they will not unnecessarily lose their right to education.

Transition Services for Students with Disabilities (Ages 16-22)

Transition Services for Students with Disabilities (Ages 16-22) stephanieP

Transition Services for Students with Disabilities (Ages 16-22)

Students receiving special education should begin to have a transition plan at age 16 or before. The transition plan becomes a part of the student’s Individualized Educational Plan (IEP) and is designed to help the student move from high school to life and career beyond its walls. These transition plans can look different in different districts because of community supports and opportunities. However, the transition services should be based on the individual student’s needs and strengths and include programs and supports that will foster the student’s independence after high school. Students have the right to an education and continued transition services until their 22nd birthday. Students with disabilities should be invited to be a part of this planning.

Understanding the Process for Implementing Transition Services:

Good transition plans are a partnership involving the student, family, school, community, employers, and others. Good transition plans are student-centered and use present needs to anticipate the best supports for future needs.

When should the team develop a transition plan?

No later than the IEP that is in effect when the student turns 16, or as early as age 14 if appropriate for the student.

What information is required to be in an IEP focused on transition?

Here are some of the basic components of an IEP:

  • The student’s present levels of academic achievement and functional performance.
  • Measurable annual goals. With transition, these goals need to be tied to the postsecondary plan.
  • How the school district will measure the student’s progress towards meeting annual goals, including when and how often the school district will provide periodic progress reports.
  • Specially designed instruction, related services, program modifications, supplementary aids and services, and staff supports.
  • How much the student will be included in the general education classroom and with nondisabled peers in extracurricular and nonacademic activities.
  • Approved accommodations for the student that will help with taking state and district assessments and measuring the student’s academic progress and achievement. If the IEP team decides that the student needs to take an alternate assessment instead of a general one, the team should also explain why they made that choice and why the alternate assessment is appropriate.
  • Extended school year (ESY) services for the student, if the student shows regression or loss of information learned.
  • The projected date for the beginning of the services and modifications described within the IEP, as well as the anticipated frequency, location, and duration of those services and modifications.

These components are part of IEPs, in general, but as the student progresses through high school, the student’s IEP should reflect the ongoing transition and identify the partnerships and resources that will support those goals.

The Importance of Planning in Transition IEPs:

 

In planning, the IEP team should focus on designing instructional programs and supports that meet the student’s interests and needs for life after high school. Student voice is critical. Having a strong start in the student’s teens forms a pattern of success that can make future transitions easier, such as employment, post-secondary education, and inclusion in the community. Effective transition services help the student identify and navigate future opportunities and challenges. Families, teachers, and community leaders offer different, valuable perspectives on how to ensure a successful transition. Transition provides a time for them to come together to send the student into the postsecondary world with good tools, strategies, and expectations.

What to Look for in a Transition Plan within an IEP:

Annual IEP Goals

Annual goals are what the team expects the student to accomplish reasonably within the next year. Goals should be observable and measurable. As the student gets older, the team should tie these goals increasingly to the student’s exit from high school and the postsecondary goals.

Measurable Postsecondary Goals

Like the IEP goals that the student has, the postsecondary goals in the transition plan must be based on assessments (formal and informal) to determine the student’s needs, strengths, and interests. There is no one-size-fits-all transition plan. The goals, like other IEP goals, should be data-driven and responsive to the progress that the student is making and new needs that arise. The team needs to revisit them annually or earlier, as appropriate.

Transition Services

The team should base transition services on an evaluation of the student’s needs and the student’s readiness. The team then tries to determine which programs and services will support the student toward reaching greater independence and their vision of success for the future. Teams should not base services on what is available only, but also need to consider the student’s needs. Meeting the student’s needs and goals might involve bringing in new community partners or coordinating activities between schools and community agencies to move successfully from school to postsecondary living.

Course of Study

A course of study is a current description of coursework and/or activities to achieve the student's desired post- secondary goals, from the student's current IEP through the student’s anticipated graduation or exit year.

Agency Collaboration

Transition services are results-oriented partnerships. Schools often collaborate with the Developmental Disabilities Administration (https://www.dshs.wa.gov/dda), local Developmental Disabilities Divisions, the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation (https://www.dshs.wa.gov/dvr), colleges and universities, and other community agencies.

Resources:

특수교육 분쟁해결

특수교육 분쟁해결 Brittni.Thomps…

특수교육 분쟁해결

업데이트: 2024 6

교육구와의 분쟁을 해결하려면 어떻게 해야 하나요?

관할 교육구와 논의하고, 조정을 요청하거나, 민원을 제기하거나, 적법절차 청문을 신청하십시오.

장애 학생의 입장을 옹호하다 보면, 교육구의 의견에 동의하지 않는 상황이 생길 있습니다. 가능하다면, Individualized Education Program(IEP, 개별화교육프로그램) 구성원이나 다른 교육구 관계자와 논의하여 문제를 해결하도록 노력하는 것이 좋습니다. 접근 방식이 효과가 없을 경우, 법률로 규정된 분쟁 해결 방법에는 여러 가지가 있습니다.

학부모와 학교는 공식 민원 절차, 조정 적법절차 청문을 이용하여 다음에 대한 의견 차이를 포함하여 특수교육에 관한 분쟁을 해결할 있습니다.

  • 장애 학생 식별
  • 학생 평가
  • 특수교육서비스 제공
  • 학생의 교육 환경/배정

민원

학생의 특수교육(Individuals with Disabilities Education Act(IDEA, 미국 장애인교육법) 또는 504) 프로그램에 대해 의견 차이가 있는 경우, 가지 공식 민원 절차를 이용할 있습니다.

  1. 워싱턴주 Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction 특수교육 커뮤니티 민원 제기

특수교육 커뮤니티 민원이란 무엇인가요?

시민 민원으로 일컬어지던 특수교육 커뮤니티 민원은 외부 기관을 통해 학생과 교육구 간의 의견 차이를 해결하는 방법입니다. 교육 기관(, 교육구, 공립 또는 사립 학교 포함) IDEA 또는 특수교육 규정의 요건을 위반했다고 여겨지는 경우, 커뮤니티 민원을 Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction(OSPI, 공교육감실) 제기해야 합니다.

누가 특수교육 커뮤니티 민원을 제기할 있나요?

모든 개인이나 조직 Office of the Superintendent of Public Instruction 민원을 제기할 있습니다.

특수교육 커뮤니티 민원의 ​​요건은 무엇인가요?

민원은 다음을 준수해야 합니다.

  • 서면 작성
  • 민원제기자의 서명
  • 교육 기관이 지난 1 이내 특수교육법을 위반했다는 진술 포함
  • 위반사실 명시
    • 민원제기자의 성명과 주소 기재
    • 교육 기관의 명칭 주소 기재

특정 학생에 관한 민원인 경우, 민원에는 다음도 포함되어야 합니다.

    • 학생의 성명
    • 학생의 교육구명
    • 학생에게 영향을 미치는 사안에 대한 설명
    • 제안된 문제 해결책

커뮤니티 민원 양식은 어디에서 찾을 있나요?

OSPI 특수교육 커뮤니티 민원 제기 , 사용할 있는 임의 양식을 마련해 놓았습니다. 양식 이용 사이트: https://ospi.k12.wa.us/student-success/special-education/dispute-resolution/file-community-complaint

어떤 부분들에 중점을 어야 할까요?

커뮤니티 민원 제기 , 반드시 일정을 주의 깊게 살펴보세요. OSPI 또는 교육 기관이 적절한 기간 내에 조치를 취하지 못하는 경우, 귀하는 추가 민원을 제기할 근거를 가지게 됩니다.

기록을 보다 쉽게 참조할 있도록, 민원서에 페이지 번호와 함께 관련 학교 기록을 포함시키십시오.

특수교육 커뮤니티 민원을 제기한 후에는 어떻게 되나요?

OSPI 민원을 접수한 , 교육구에 민원서 사본을 보내야 합니다. 민원 접수일로부터 20(역일 기준) 이내에 교육구는 민원 사항을 조사하고 OSPI 서면으로 답변해야 합니다. OSPI 귀하에게 교육구의 답변 사본을 보내드립니다. 귀하는 이후 민원과 관련한 추가 정보를 제출할 있습니다.

60(역일 기준) 이내에 OSPI 교육 기관이 연방 또는 특수교육법을 위반하는지 여부에 대해 독립적인 서면 결정을 내려야 합니다. 결정에는 사실조사 결과 민원 해결에 필요한 합당한 조치가 포함되어야 합니다. 다음의 경우 일정을 연장할 있습니다.

1) 민원과 관련된 예외적 상황 존재 또는

2) 민원 제기자와 교육 기관이 조정 또는 별도의 분쟁해결 방법을 사용하기 위해 기한 연장에 서면으로 동의

교육구는 이후 권장된 시정 조치를 완료하기 위해 OSPI 서면 결정에 수립되어 있는 일정을 준수해야 합니다. 교육구가 이를 이행하지 않을 경우, OSPI 교육구에 재정 지원을 보류하거나 다른 해결책을 명령할 있습니다.

교육구에서 장애 학생에게 적절한 서비스를 제공하지 못했다고 판단되면 OSPI 다음을 수행해야 합니다.

  • 서비스 거부에 대한 교육구의 보상 방식을 결정, 여기에는 학생의 필요 사항을 해결하기 위해 비용을 지불하거나 다른 시정 조치를 취하는 것을 포함
  • 모든 장애 학생을 위한 향후 서비스 제공 처리

OSPI 커뮤니티 민원에 대한 자세한 정보는 어디서 찾을 있나요?

https://ospi.k12.wa.us/student-success/special-education/dispute-resolution/file-community-complaint

미국 Office of Civil Rights for the Department of Education 민권 민원 제기

민권 민원이란 무엇인가요?

504조는 연방 자금을 지원받는 모든 프로그램에서 장애를 근거로 차별을 근절하는 것을 목표로 하는 차별금지법입니다. 공립학교와 교육구는 연방 자금을 제공받기 때문에 504 요건을 준수해야 합니다.

미국 Department of Education(교육부) 산하 Office for Civil Rights(OCR, 민권국) 504조의 보호책을 집행하고 민원 사항을 조사할 책임이 있습니다.

누가 민권 민원을 제기할 있나요?

장애 학생이 비장애 또래 학생이 받는 혜택에 상응하는 교육적 혜택을 프로그램으로부터 받지 못할 경우, 누구나 미국 Office of Civil Rights 민원을 제기할 있습니다. 가지 예는 행동장애 학생이 현장학습을 없으며 나머지 학급이 현장학습을 가는 동안 교장실에 머물러야 한다는 말을 듣는 경우입니다. OCR 민원에는 또한 휠체어를 아동을 위한 경사로가 없거나 학생의 504 계획에 포함되어야 하거나 포함된 편의시설 또는 서비스를 교육구가 제공하지 못하는 등의 접근 문제도 포함될 있습니다.

민권 민원의 요건은 무엇인가요?

민권 민원은 차별이 발생한 날로부터 180(6개월)(역일 기준) 이내에 제기해야 합니다. 민원에는 다음이 포함되어야 합니다.

►        민원 제기자의 성명, 주소, 전화번호

►        차별을 당한 피해자() 성명, 주소, 전화번호

►        차별을 가한 학교, 교육구 또는 가해자의 성명과 주소

►        차별의 근거(인종, 장애, 국적 )

►        차별이 발생한 시간과 장소

►        차별의 사실

►        민원을 뒷받침하는 서면 자료, 데이터 또는 기타 문서의 사본

OCR 민권 민원을 어디에 제기하나요?

OCR 민원을 제기하려면 다음 사이트에서 전자 민원 양식을 이용하실 있습니다: https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/complaintintro.html

또는 다음 사이트에서 작성 가능한 양식을 기입할 있습니다: https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/complaintform.pdf

작성 가능한 양식에 기입하거나 직접 서신을 작성하여 민원을 OCR.Seattle@ed.gov 앞으로 이메일을 보내거나 (206)607-1601 팩스로 보내실 있습니다. 다음 주소로 민원을 제출하실 수도 있습니다.

Office for Civil Rights

U.S. Department of Education

915 2nd Avenue #3310

Seattle, WA 981074-1099

민권 민원을 제기한 후에 절차는 어떻게 되나요?

OCR 민원 ​​정보를 검토하고 민원이 심도 깊게 조사해야 사안인지 여부를 결정합니다. OCR 민원을 조사할 권한이 있는지, 민원이 적시에 제기되었는지 여부를 결정해야 합니다. 민원은 차별 행위가 발생한 날로부터 180 이내에 제기되어야 합니다.

OCR 절차의 일환으로 귀하에게 동의서에 서명하도록 요청할 것입니다. OCR 서명 요청을 날로부터 15 이내에 귀하로부터 양식을 받지 못한 경우, 이메일이나 전화로 귀하에게 연락하고 양식에 서명할 있는 5일의 추가 기한이 있음을 알려드릴 것입니다. 귀하는 또한 추가 정보를 제공하라는 요청을 받을 수도 있습니다. 추가 정보가 필요한 경우, OCR 요청된 정보를 제공할 있도록 귀하에게 최소 20일의 기간을 부여해야 합니다.

OCR 조사를 마친 , 귀하와 교육구 모두에게 제공받은 증거자료를 통해 위반사실이 발생했음이 뒷받침되었는지 여부를 설명하는 결과 서신을 보내드릴 것입니다. OCR에서 교육구가 법규를 준수하지 않았다고 판단하는 경우, 교육구에 연락하여 교육구에서 자발적으로 해결 합의를 의향이 있는지 확인합니다. 교육구가 문제 해결에 동의하지 않는 경우, OCR 해당 사건을 Department of Justice(사법부) 회부하는 추가 조치를 취할 있습니다.  

교육구가 적절한 교육 경험에 대한 학생의 권리를 침해하고 있다고 생각하시는 경우, 민원 제기를 고려하십시오.

조정

조정이란 무엇인가요?

조정은 일종의 분쟁 해결입니다. IDEA 따라 주에서는 학생의 특수교육 프로그램과 관련한 갈등을 해결할 목적으로 학부모/후견인 교육구에 무료 조정 서비스를 제공해야 합니다.

조정 과정에서 학교와 학부모 또는 후견인이 중립적인 3, 조정자와 함께하게 됩니다. 조정자는 학생의 교육적 필요 사항에 대해 수용 가능한 합의에 도달하고자 양측과 모두 논의합니다. 과정은 자발적이므로 학부모나 후견인, 교육구 모두 참여에 동의해야 합니다. 조정은 학생을 위한 서비스를 개선하고, 갈등을 해결하고, 학교와 학부모 또는 후견인 간의 관계를 회복하는 훌륭한 방법이 있습니다.

조정이 성공적으로 이루어지면, 당사자들은 해결책을 명시하는 법적 구속력이 있는 합의서에 서명합니다. 합의 조건을 이행하는 것은 학교와 학부모 또는 후견인에 달려 있습니다. 일단 조정 합의가 이루어지면, 조정자는 이상 관여하지 않으며 어느 일방에게도 무슨 조치든 취하도록 강요할 권한이 없습니다. 조정 합의와 관련하여 갈등이 발생하는 경우, 학부모 또는 후견인은 또는 연방 법원에 집행을 요청할 있습니다. 새로운 갈등 또는 다른 갈등이 발생할 경우, 학부모나 후견인 또는 교육구는 법에 따라 이용 가능한 모든 형태의 분쟁 해결책을 사용할 있습니다.

조정은 Sound Options 요청해야 합니다. 서면이나 전화로 요청하실 있습니다. 어느 일방의 당사자든 Sound Options 연락할 있으며 Sound Options에서 상대측에 연락하게 됩니다. 1-800-692-2540으로 Sound Options 문의하실 있습니다.

옹호

조정 참여에 동의한다고 해서 추후 적법절차 청문 요청을 하지 못하는 것은 아닙니다. 언제든지 조정 절차를 중단하고 적법절차 청문을 요청할 있습니다. 유일한 제한은 조정 과정에서 이루어진 대화를 추후 적법절차 청문에서 증거로 사용할 없다는 점입니다. 다만, 서면으로 작성된 조정합의서는 증거로 사용될 있습니다.

적법절차 청문

적법절차 청문이란 무엇인가요?

적법절차 청문은 재판과 마찬가지로 공식적인 행정 절차입니다. 부모 또는 후견인 그리고 교육구는 각각 증거와 증인을 제시하고 상대측이 제시한 증인을 반대 심문할 기회를 갖습니다.

청문주재관은 사실과 법률에 근거하여 서면으로 결정을 내립니다.

적법절차 청문을 위해 변호사가 필요한가요?

아니요, 하지만 원할 경우 변호사의 대리를 받을 권리가 있습니다.

장애 학생의 부모 또는 후견인은 적법절차 청문에서 변호사의 조언을 구하거나 변호사의 대리를 받을 있습니다. 변호사가 필수 사항은 아니며, 변호사 없이도 청문에서 성공적인 결과를 얻으실 있습니다. 경우에 따라, 청문 요청 준비에 도움을 주기 위해 변호사 또는 밖의 행정절차를 아는 대리인과 상담하는 것이 좋습니다.

적법절차 청문은 어떻게 요청하나요?

Office of Administrative Hearings(행정청문실) 서면으로 요청하고 교육구에 통보하십시오.

적법절차 청문 요청은 서면으로 이루어져야 하며 다음 정보를 포함해야 합니다.

  • 학생의 성명과 주소
  • 학생이 재학 중인 관할 교육구 학교
  • 특수교육 서비스 담당 교육구(학생이 재학 중인 교육구와 다른 경우)
  • 부모의 우려 사항에 대한 설명
  • 문제 해결을 위한 제안 사항

청문 요청서 사본을 다음 주소로 우편 송부하거나 전달하십시오.

Office of Administrative Hearings

P.O. Box 42489

Olympia, WA 98504

또한 청문 요청 원본을 교육구 교육감에게 전달하거나 우편으로 보내서 교육구에 제공해야 합니다. 사본을 보관해 두는 것을 잊지 마십시오!

OSPI 학부모의 적법절차 청문 요청을 지원하기 위해 적법절차 청문 요청 양식을 개발했습니다. 양식 이용 사이트: https://ospi.k12.wa.us/student-success/special-education/dispute-resolution/request-due-process-hearing

청문 요청의 제한 사항은 무엇인가요?

청문 요청에서 다룰 있는 사안은 지난 2 이내에 발생한 위반사실이나 문제이어야 합니다. 적법절차 청문 요청은 다음 가지 조건 하나가 부합되는 경우 2년을 초과하는 위반 사항을 해결할 있습니다.

  1. 교육구가 문제를 해결했다고 허위 진술하여 학부모가 2 이내에 적법절차 청문을 요청할 없었던 경우

또는

  1. 교육구가 법적으로 공유해야 하는 정보를 공개하지 않아 학부모가 2 이내에 적법절차 청문을 요청할 없었던 경우

청문 요청에서는 학부모가 갖고 있는 모든 잠재적 문제와 우려 사항을 논의하는 것이 매우 중요합니다. 요청이 접수되면, 해당 교육구에서 서면으로 동의하거나 청문주재관이 수정이 가능하다고 동의하는 경우에만 변경이 가능하며 해결 회합(아래 참조) 일정이 다시 시작됩니다.

또한 IDEA 따르면, 상대측이 동의하는 경우를 제외하고 청문 요청이나 요청 수정에서 제기된 사안만 적법절차 청문에서 다루어질 있습니다. 적법절차 청문을 요청하기 위해 변호사가 반드시 필요한 것은 아니지만, 적법절차 청문 요청을 기안할 귀하의 모든 우려 사항이 제기되었는지 확인하기 위해 변호사와 상담하는 것이 도움이 있습니다.

적법절차 청문 요청을 제출한 후에는 어떻게 되나요?

교육구에서 답신해야 합니다.

학부모 민원을 접수한 10(역일 기준) 이내에 교육구는 이에 답신해야 합니다. 교육구는 조치를 취한 이유, IEP 팀이 고려한 다른 옵션 이에 대한 거부 사유, 교육구가 결정을 내릴 의존한 정보에 대한 설명 교육구의 결정과 관련된 기타 요소에 대한 정보를 설명해야 합니다. 민원의 ​​주제에 관해 학부모에게 사전 서면 통지를 보낸 경우 교육구는 답신할 필요가 없습니다.

해결 회합이란 무엇인가요?

해결 회합은 적법절차 청문 요청이 이루어진 , 적법절차 청문 전에 개최되는 회의입니다.

학부모로부터 적법절차 청문 요청을 받은 15(역일 기준) 이내에 교육구는 학부모, IEP 팀의 관련 구성원, 의사 결정 권한이 있는 교육구 대표와의 회의를 소집해야 합니다. 해당 교육구는 학부모에게도 변호사가 없는 , 회의에 변호사를 동반할 없습니다. 회의의 목적은 민원 사항을 논의하고 적법절차 청문 없이 문제가 해결될 있는지 알아보기 위함입니다.

학부모와 교육구가 해결 회합에서 합의에 도달하면, 양측은 법원에서 집행 가능한 법적 구속력이 있는 합의서에 서명해야 합니다. 교육구 또는 학부모는 근무일 기준 3 이내에 마음을 바꾸고 합의를 취소할 있습니다.

학부모와 교육구 양측이 서면으로 회의를 포기하거나 대신 조정을 이용하는 동의하는 경우를 제외하고 해결 회합은 반드시 개최되어야 합니다.

적법절차 청문 과정 기간은 얼마인가요?

교육구는 민원 접수일로부터 30(역일 기준) 이내에 해결 절차를 통해 학부모가 만족할 있도록 문제를 해결하려고 노력해야 합니다. 교육구가 30(역일 기준) 이내에 해결하지 않으면 적법절차 청문 일정이 시작됩니다. 청문은 45(역일 기준) 이내에 개최되어야 하며 결정이 내려져야 합니다.

다음 하나가 발생하면 30(역일 기준) 해결 기간이 조정됩니다.

  • 당사자가 해결 회합을 포기하는 서면으로 동의한 경우
  • 조정 또는 해결 회합 후에 당사자가 합의가 불가능하다는 점에 서면으로 동의한 경우, 또는
  • 당사자들이 30 해결 회합을 경과해 조정에 참여하기로 합의했고 일방이 조정을 철회한 경우. 이러한 상황에서는 45(역일 기준) 일정이 즉시 시작됩니다.

청문 자체의 기간은 사안의 성질 양측이 사건을 대변하는 소요될 것으로 여겨지는 기간에 따라 달라집니다.

해결 회합은 매우 중요합니다. 학부모가 해결 회합에 참여할 의향이 없는 경우, 해결 회의 적법절차 청문 일정은 회의가 열릴 때까지 연기됩니다. 또한, 학부모가 해결 회의 참석을 거부하는 경우, 교육구는 30 해결 기간이 끝난 청문주재관에게 부모의 적법절차 청문 요청을 각하하도록 요청할 있습니다. 다른 한편으로, 교육구가 청문 요청을 접수한 15 이내에 해결 회의 일정을 정하지 못한 경우, 해당 학부모는 청문주재관에게 45 적법절차 청문 일정을 즉시 시작하도록 요청할 있습니다.

적법절차 청문 일정

 

학부모가 서면으로 적법절차 청문 요청

교육구에서 10(역일 기준) 이내에 회신

교육구에서 15(역일 기준) 이내에 해결 회합 일정을 정함(서면으로 포기하는 경우 제외)

해결 회합에서 30(역일 기준) 이내에 민원을 해결하지 못하는 경우, 적법절차 청문이 진행되고 45(역일 기준) 이내에 청문 결정이 내려짐

변동 없음이란 무엇인가요? 청문을 요청하면 학생은 어디 학교로 가나요?

변동 없음이란 청문이 요청되면, 학생이 어느 학교로 가야 하는지에 대해 설명하기 위해 IDEA에서 사용하는 용어입니다. 청문이 요청되면 학생은 청문이 완료되고 결정이 내려질 때까지 동일한 환경에서 개별 교육 프로그램을 계속 받을 권리가 있습니다. 장애 학생이 징계를 받을 적용되는 변동 없음에는 가지 예외가 있습니다.

적법절차 청문으로 학생은 무엇을 성취할 있나요?

교육구는 서비스를 제공하고, 학생에게 보상 교육을 제공하고, 부모의 법적 수수료를 지불하라는 명령을 받을 있습니다.

적법절차 청문은 학생이 적절한 서비스를 받고 교육구의 불이행으로 인해 상실된 교육을 보충하는 도움이 있습니다. 청문주재관은 학생의 적격성, IEP, 교육 환경의 변화, 평가 재평가에 대한 의견 차이를 해결하는 도움을 있습니다.

청문주재관은 보상 교육 명령할 수도 있습니다. , 교육구가 교육구의 불이행으로 인해 상실된 시간이나 기회를 보충하기 위한 서비스를 제공해야 합니다. 예를 들어, 교육구는 학생이 연장된 학년도 서비스를 받을 자격이 없는 경우에도 학생이 커뮤니티 칼리지 과정에 참여하도록 비용을 지불하거나, 특수교육 프로그램 외에 별도의 개인 교습을 제공하거나, 여름 프로그램을 이용할 있도록 하는 명령을 받을 있습니다.

보상교육 요청은 IEP 목표 목적과 관련되어야 합니다. 보상교육 서비스를 요청할 때는 창의력을 발휘하십시오. 학생이 무엇을 좋아하는지(미술, 음악, 과학 ) 생각해 보고 이러한 경험을 제공하는 프로그램이나 서비스를 제안하십시오.

귀하가 청문에서 승리할 경우, 교육구에서는 청문에서 발생한 귀하의 비용과 귀하를 대리하기 위해 청구된 변호사 수임료를 지불해야 수도 있습니다. 청문 준비에 소요된 비용들을 기록해 두십시오.

Special Education Links and Resources

Special Education Links and Resources Anonymous (not verified)
Last updated December 2021

Information and Support for Navigating Special Education Services and Resolving Concerns

OEO is one of many places in Washington State where students, families, community professionals, educators and others can find information and support in understanding special education services and resolving conflicts or concerns.

The resources on this page include links to community organizations, associations and state agencies providing individualized information and supports on special education matters at no cost to students and families.  This graphic illustrates the range of supports from informal to formal.

Community Based Organizations
Behavioral and Mental Health Focused supports, including Peer Partners
State Agency Resources for Navigating Special Education

Washington State Governor’s Office of the Education Ombuds (OEO).

Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction (OSPI).

State Education Agency responsible for oversight of implementation of special education in Washington State.

Department of Children Youth & Families (DCYF) Foster Care Regional Education Leads 

Developmental Disabilities Administration (DDA) Developmental Disabilities Administration (DDA) | DSHS

Division of Vocational Rehabilitation (DVR) Division of Vocational Rehabilitation | DSHS

Legal Advice and Representation

Legal Assistance List maintained by OAH:

Other organizations providing free legal advice and representation to eligible students or families on special education or other education related matters: Check each for specific eligibility requirements.