Waa maxay Waxbarashada Gaarka ah?

Waa maxay Naafadu?

"Naafadu waa qayb dabiici ah oo kamid ah xaaladaha aadanuhu maro sinabana hoos uguma dhigi karto xaq shaqsiyaadku u leeyihiin inay ka qaybgalaan ama door ku yeeshaan bulshada."

--Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (Sharciga Waxbarashada Dadka Naafada ah), 20 U.S.C. §1400(c).

Waxaa jira qaabab badan oo kaladuwan oo dadka, iyo sharciyadeenu, u qeexaan "naafada."

Waxaa sidoo kale jira fikrado kaladuwan oo dhaqan oo ku aadan naafada, fahanka aan ka qabnana naafada ayaa isbadeshay marar badan. Akhri xogta One Out of Five: Disability History and Pride Project (Hal kamid ah Shantii Qof: Mashruuca Taariikhda iyo Sharafka Naafada) si aad xog badan uga ogaato taariikhda naafada iyo hormarka ku aadan aqoonsiga wanaagsan ee naafada.

Ardayda ku jira dugsiyada dawlada, labo sharci oo kuwa fderaalka ah – Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, ama “IDEA” iyo Section 504 ee Rehabilitation Act (Sharciga Baxnaaninta), ama “Section 504” – ayaa leh xaquuq iyo difaacyo ardayda naafada ah. Mid kasta oo kamid ah sharciyadaan waxaa ku jira qeexitaan u gaar ah ilmo naafo qaba.

Qeexitaanka sharciga IDEA ee ku aadan Naafada

Sharciga IDEA ayaa siinaaya ardayda u qalma xaq ay ku helayaan IEP (Individualized Education Program (Barnaamijka Waxbarashada Gaarka ah). Wuxuu ku qeexayaa “ilmo naafo ah,” inuu yahay ilmo laga baaray, lagana helay inuu:

Qabo naafo sida lagu qeexay mid kamid ah 14 qaybood ee gaarka ah, iyo
Sabab la xariirta naafada iyo saamaynta xun ee ay waxbarashada ku leedahay,
uu u baahan yahay waxbarashada gaarka ah iyo adeegyada la xariira.

Gobalka Washington, qaybaha naafada iyo qeexitaanka gaarka ah ee mid kasta, ayaa lagu taxay sharciyada gobalkeena, Washington Administrative Code (Sharciga Maamulka ee Washington), oo laga heli karo WAC 392-172A-01035

Waxaa ku jira:

Autismka (Cudurka Dhakraaroowga maskaxda)
Dhago iyo indho la'aanta
Dhagoolnimada
Dib u dhaca kobaca
Naafada dareenka/dabeecada
Dhago culayska
Naafada caqliga
Naafooyinka badan
Naafada lafaha
Naafonimada Kale ee Caafimaadka
Naafada gaarka ah ee waxbarashada
Naafada hadalka iyo luuqada
Dhaawaca Uur ku taallada Dhanka Maskaxda ah
Naafada araga oo ay ku jirto indho la'aantu

Mid kasta oo kamid ah qaybahaan ayaa leh qeexitaan u gaar ah marka laga hadlaayo xeerarka waxbarashada gaarka ah. Haddii aad la yaaban tahay in cunug uu qabi karo naafo waafaqsan mid kamid ah qaybahaan waxaa habboon inaad akhrido qeexitaannada gaarka ah ama aad qof ka codsato inuu kula akhriyo. Qeexitaannada ayaa laga heli karaa barta oonleenka ah ee WAC 392-172A-01035, oo ah https://apps.leg.wa.gov/WAC/default.aspx?cite=392-172A&full=true#392-172A-01035.

Haddii cunug uu qabo naafooyin lagu qeexay sharciga IDEA laakiin uu keliya u baahan yahay "adeegyada la xariira" ama "caawimaado farsamo" uusana u baahnayn "waxbarashada gaarka ah" markaas ardayga ayaan u qalmin IEP laakiin wuxuu u baahan karaa qorshaha Qaybta 504.

Qeexitaanka Qaybta 504 ka bixisay Naafada

Qaybta 504 ayaa ka mamnuucaaya degmooyinka dugsiga inay dadka naafada ah takooraan. Waxay ku qasbaysaa degmooyinka inay siiyaan waxbarashada gaarka ah, caawimaad farsamo, adeegyada ama taageerooyin arday u baahan si uu qaab lamid ah ardayda kale u helo waxbarasho. Wuxuu ku qeexayaa arday naafo ah inuu yahay arday:

Qaba naafada jirka ama caafimaadka dhimirka taasoo
Xadidaada wayn
Mid ama ka badan kamid ah hawl maalmeedka muhiimka ah.

Waxaad xog dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan Qaybta 504 tiro kamid ah su'aalaha badanaa la iswaydiiyo(FAQ) oo ku jira webseedka U.S. Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCR, Xafiiska Xaquuqda Madaniga ah ee Waaxda Waxbarashada Maraykanka), halkaan: https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/504faq.html.

OCR ayaad sidoo kale ka helaysaa xog oonleen ah oo ka hadlaysa “Xaquuqaha Madaniga ah ee Ardayda qaba Naafooyinka Qarsoodiga ah ee ku cad Qaybta 504 ee Rehabilitation Act (Sharciga Baxnaaninta) oo soo baxay 1973.” https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/hq5269.html. Wuxuu qeexayaa shuruudo badan oo dadka kale iskaga cad laakiin wali saamayn kara arday markuu dugsiga joogo.

Waa maxay xariirka ka dhexeeya IDEA iyo Qaybta 504?

Diagram of three concentric circles. The largest circle represents all students. Within it is a smaller circle representing 504 eligible students. Within that is the smallest circle representing IDEA eligible students.

Dhammaan ardayda

Ardayda u qalma 504

Ardayda u qalma IDEA

Sida ku cad labada sharciba, degmooyinka dugsiga ayaa laga doonayaa inay siiyaan ardayda naafada ah Free Appropriate Public Education (Waxbarashada Dawlada ee Ku habboon oo bilaash ah), looguna yeero FAPE. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in degmooyinka ay qasab tahay buuxiyaan adeegyada xeerarka kaladuwan si ay u buuxshaan baahiyaha gaarka ah ee ardayda dhibka ku qaba inay ku guulaystaan dugsiga naafo awgeed.

Qaybta 504 ayaa siisa adeegyada koox balaaran oo arday ah oo ka badan inta uu siiyo sharciga IDEA sabab la xariirta inuu sharaxaad tan ka balaaran siinaayo waxa looga jeedo "naafo." Marka, haddii arday buuxiyo shuruudaha u qalmida ee sharciga IDEA uuna u qalmo IEP, ardayga waxaa sidoo kale difaacaaya Qaybta 504. Laakiin, waxaa jira arday badan, oo uu difaacaayo sharciga Qaybta 504, waxayna leeyihiin qorshaha Qaybta 504, laakiin uma baahna waxbarashada gaarka ah aana u qalmin IEP sida ku cad IDEA.

Hal qaab oo aad uga fakari karto xariirka labada sharci waa inaad ka fakarto ardayda oo dhan: marka hore, qaar kamid ah ardaydaas ayaa qaba naafooyin (Qaybta 504); tiro yar oo kamid ah ardaydaas ayaa qaba naafo una baahan waxbarashada gaarka ah (IDEA).

Hoos waxaad ka helaysaa sawir uu ku jiro goobin wayn oo matalaaya dhammaan ardayda. Goobinta xajmiga dhexe ee ku jirta gudaha goobinta wayn ayaa muujinaysa ardayda qaba naafada una qalma adeegyada Qaybta 504. Kooxdaas, tiro yar oo kamid ah ayaa sidoo kale u qalma adeegyada lagu bixiyo IDEA. Waxa muhiimka ah ee ay tahay inaad ka xasuusato jaantuskaan waa in ardayda ku jira goobinnada yaryar ay sidoo kale qayb ka yihiin kooxda wayn: dhammaan ardayda. Kuligood waxay leeyihiin isla xaquuqda ardayda kale oo dhan ay leeyihiin, oo ay u dheertahay difaacyada ka dhanka ah takoorka ku aadan naafada, ayna ku jirto helitaanka adeegyada ay u baahan yihiin si ay dugsiga u dhigtaan.

Ardayda uu difaacaayo sharciga Qaybta 504 una qalma IEP ayaa caadiyan heli doona keliya IEP. Wax kasta oo ku jiri doona qorshaha 504 ayaa lagu dari doonaa qorshaha IEP da, oo badanaa lagu qori doono bogga tallada caawimaada farsamada ama liiska adeegyada la xariira ama kaalmaatiga ah ama taageerooyinka.

Cunug kasta oo u qalma IEP waxaa sidoo kale difaacaaya Qaybta 504. Maxay arrintaasi muhiim u tahay.

Qaybta 504 ayaa mamnuucaysa takoorka ka dhanka ah ardayda oo lagu saleeyay naafada. Takoorka ayaa imaan kara marka barnaamijka laga saaro ardayda haddii kale u qalmi lahaa sababo la xariira inay qabaan naafo, ama marka arday la dhibaateeyo sabab la xariirta naafadiisa degmaduna aysan qaadin talaabooyinka macquulka ah si ay uga jawaabo dhibaataynta.

Haddii aad aaminsan tahay in degmado ay qof ku takoortay sababo naafo awgood, hel xog dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan dookhyada gudbinta cabasho rasmi ah kana fiiri boggeena Discrimination takoorka.